BRUGIERE
BRUGMAN
divided into the archpresbytery of Bruges and 14
rural deaneries, the former being subdivided into
8 parishes ministered to by 151 priests, and the latter
into 286 parishes served by 642 priests. The cathe-
dral chapter consists of 10 titular and 19 honorary
canons, with 6 chaplains. The diocesan seminary at
Bruges has more than a hundred students, advanced
from the preparatory seminary at Holders. For the
purposes of general education there is an episcopal
college at Bruges and eight similar colleges at the
larger centres of the diocese in which all the humani-
ties are taught, 1 "'sides four others at minor centres
where the studies are not so advanced; for technical
education there is a normal school at Bruges and
four in other parts of the diocese, all these institu-
tions being almost entirely taught by ecclesiastics.
Most <>f the religious orders, both male and female.
have houses in the diocese, besides hospitals and
asylums fur the aged and the poor.
Bruges returns J members to the Senate and 4 members to tli.' House of Representatives while other portions of the Province elect a total of 7 senators and 16 representatives, the Provincial Council further electing 3 senators. Under the law of proportional representation, which first came into operation in 1900, Bruges returns 1 Catholic and 1 Liberal to the Senate, ami ;; Catholics and 1 Liberal to the House of Representatives; other portions of the Province return 5 Catholics and 2 Liberals to the Senate, and 12 Catholics, 3 Liberals, and 1 Socialist to the House of Representatives; the 3 members re- turned to the Senate by the Provincial Council belong to the Catholic party; the result is that West Flanders (otherwise the Diocese of Bruges') is represented in the Senate by 9 < 'at holies and :i Liberals (in addition Count of Flanders, who is a member by virtue of his title), and in the House of Representatives by 15 Catholics, I Liberals, and 1 Socialist. The govern- ment of the province is entirely in the hands of the Catholics, the governor and the great majority of the Provincial Council belonging to that party. As much may be said of the local administration of Bruges, the Communal Council (which consists of the burgomaster, 5 aldermen, and 24 councillors) with the exception of 6 councillors (five of whom are Liberals and one a Christian Democrat) being in the hands of the I 'atholic party.
Miiun., Rerun Belgicarum Annates (Brussels, 1625); Gilliodts, lnvenlaire des Archives de la vwe de Bruues, avec Production: tables and glossary by Emv. Gailliard (Bruges. 1878-85); Gilliat-Smii u. Tht Story of Bruges (Lon- don, 1901 : Robinson, Bruges: tin IltMon.al ,s/./,/, (Bruges, 1890 : Verschelde, De KathedraU van Sint Saivator te Brugge: Gewnedkundigt Beschryving Bruges, L863); Les anciennes
- ['.rimes. IS7.") 1 ; W. II .twos Weale, Huns
< -. 1901); Gerard David, P ninator il.Hii.inn 1 s<r, . \,,-, Boden-
hausen i Munich, 1905); Fran-
. i- ('. WEALE, Hubert and John van Eye* I London, 1903). J. Cyril M. We.vle.
Brugiere, Pierre, a French priest, Jansenist, and Juror, b. at Thiers, 3 Oct., 1730: d. at Paris. 7 Nov.. 1 so.;. He was chaplain of the Ursulines and canon in his native place when his refusal to siim the formula of the acceptation of the Bull " Unigenitus" forced him to leave. He wenl to Paris where for twelve years he remained with the community of Si. Koch. A strongly Jansenistic hook which lie wrote, "Instruc- tions catholiques stir la devotion au Sacre-Coeur" (Paris. 1777). brought this connexion to an end. When the Revolution broke out lie welcomed it with
enthusiasm. He rushed headlong into the fray with two hooks calling loudly for reform: "Doleances des eglisiers" and " Relation sommaire el veritable de <-f qui s'est passe dans I' Assembled du clergei" (1789). Brugiere no! only took the Constitutional Oath on the daj fixed, 9 Jan., 1791, but be l> cami it were. the In-. I of the Constitutional Church.
Elected cure of St. Paul's he defended the civil con-
stitution of the clergy against episcopal and papal
censures in his "Discours patriotique au sujet des
brefs du pape" and " La lanternc sourde " (aimed at
Bonal, Bishop of Clermont). It is to his credit,
however, that he energetically condemned the mar-
riage of priests which the Constitution was doing its
utmost to encourage. Against this practice he
wrote his "Reflexions d'un cure", and "Lettre d'un
cure ' (1791), and together with several other con-
stitutionals he denounced its advocates without
mercy in " Le nouveau disciple de Luther" (1792).
This brochure was aimed at Aubert, a married priest
appointed by Gobel cure of St. Augustin. Brugiere's
fearless preaching placed him in the hands of the
Revolutionary tribunal, and it was while he was
imprisoned that he wrote to his followers the " Lettre
dun cure du fond de sa prison a ses paroissiens"
(179.3). Set. at liberty, he continued his pastoral
ministrations in spite of the charge of treasonable
conduct, a dangerous thing in those days. But his
ministrations were of a novel kind. Mass was said
and the sacraments were administered by him in
French, and in support of that singularity an appeal
>\as made to the people, "Appel au peuple francais"
(1798).
Brugiere had rebuked the bishops who condemned the oath. He had likewise rebuked the priests who married. Now he was no less violent against the Jurors who began to retract. He attended the two councils of 17117 and 1S01 which were trying hard to sustain the ebbing life of the Constitutional Church, and he founded a society for its protection: "Societe de philosophic chretienne". liven after the promul- gation of the Concordat of 1S01 he clung to the then dead Constitutional Church. Besides the works already mentioned, Brugiere wrote a number of pamphlets' and left many sermons which were pub- lished after his death: " Instructions choisies" (Paris, 1804). Two contemporaries, the Abbe Massy and the i Ihristian Brother Renaud, wrote his life under the title: " Memoire apologetique de Pierre Brugiere" (Paris, 1804).
Feller in Biographic iiniverselle (Paris, 18C6); Constantin in Diet, de thiol, cath.
J. F. SOLLIEH.
Brugman, John, a rcnow T ned Franciscan preacher of the fifteenth century, b. at Kempen in the Diocese of Cologne, towards the end of the preceding century; d. at Nimwegen, Netherlands, 19 Sept., 1473. He became lector of theology, vicar-provincial, and one of the founders of the Cologne Province of the Friars of the Minor Observance. For twenty years his name was celebrated as the most illustrious preacher of the Low Countries. Being the friend of Denis the Carthusian, it was due to his suggestion that the latter wrote his work: " I >. regulis vita?
Christiana;", dedicating it to Father Brugman. He also espoused the cause of the Brothers of the Com- mon Life, which congregation, successfully devoted to the interests of education, had been established by two priests, Gerhard Groote and Florentius Radewiyns. He addressed them in the two letters which are still extant to strengthen them in the persecution to which they were subjected. He died in the odour of sanctity and is commemorated in the " Martyrolo- gium Minorit ico-Belgicum " on the 19th of September. I ather Brugman wrote two Uvea of St. Lidwina, the lirst of which, printed at Cologne in 1433, was re- printed anonymously at Louvain in 1448, and later epitomized by Thomas a Kempis at Cologne.
The second life appeared at Schiedam in 1498;
both have been embodied by the Bollandists in the
Acta SS., '_' April. He also wrote a devout " Life of Jesus". Fiit her Brugman ranked among the best poets of his day. Two of his poems "0 Kwich is so lane! and I he Zielejacht" are included by Hoff- mann von Fallersleben in his " Horu; Belgicie " (II,
