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tion of the great seven-branch candlestick of the tem-
ple of Jerusalem. Its height was over eighteen feet
and its width fifteen. At present we have to judge
of its workmanship from a small portion of t he pedes-
tal, which has alone escaped destruction and is now
preserved in the public library of Reims.
Not less wonderful and happily still entire is the great candelabrum of .Milan commonly known as "the Virgin's Tree". This chef-d'oeuvre of twelfth- century art is also a seven-branch candlestick, and over eighteen feet in height. If the general effect, owing to the nature of the subject, is rather gaunt, and straggling, the beauty of detail in the sculptured base and the bosses which adorn the stem can hardly be exceeded. With such great standing candelabra as those of Reims and .Milan, neither of which could be described as precisely liturgical in purpose, we may associate certain large chandeliers still preserved from the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. Those of Reims and Toul perished in the French Revolution. But at Hildesheim we have a circular corona of gilt copper suspended from the roof, and dating from about 1050, twenty feet in circumference and bearing seventy-two candles. That at Aix-la- Chapelle, the gift of Frederick Barba ussi, whose name is inscribed upon it, is still larger and still more re- markable for the artistic beauty "I its details, espe- cially the medallions depicting scenes in the life of Christ, engraved upon copper and painted. Mine strictly destined for the service of the altar are a few surviving specimens of twelfth-century candlesticks, the most famous of which (here reproduced) is now in the South Kensington Museum, London, and, as the following inscription shows, was originally made for i'doucester Abbey in the time of Abbot Peter (1104-12):
Abbatis Petri srogis et devotio mitis Me dedit Ecclesie Sci Petri Gloecestre. The grace and elaboration of the interlacing gro- tesques are very characteristic of the period. Nearly a century older, but less artistic, are the two candle- sticks of Bernward now at Hildesheim; while as a specimen of later medieval work it will be sufficient to mention two very beautiful candlesticks, about five feet in height, preserved at present in the Cathedral of Ghent, but believed to have belonged before the Reformation to St. Paul's Cathedral, London.
The practice of retaining six great candlesticks permanently upon the high altar seems only to date from the sixteenth century. At a somewhat earlier period we occasionally read of five, seven, or nine, according to the grade of the feast. However, since the publication of the " Cseremoniale Episcoporum" in ItiOO, the presence of three such candlesticks on either Side of the central crucifix is a matter of ru- brical law. The " Cseremoniale " further directs that they should correspond to the crucifix in pattern and should be of graduated heights, the tallest next to the crucifix. This last direction, however, may be con- sidered to have fallen into abeyance. (See Candles; Altar, under Altar Candlesticks.)
Besides the works already mentioned in the article Candies and the archaeological manuals of Otte, Beroni k, and Hi i - sens, the n onsull D'Allemagne, H I
J91 ij Dm Hon. -I ... ., .. , espa ialh
til, XIII, and XXI; Cohbli p /.. dumd, au moyen ■ 'tni-, in Revue de far! mritien, III; Barbii k
I.I. Ml.\ I V.I!.. |
bk. Ill, and II. bk. XII; Martin i\i. Cahi k. \l,l,n>,,,s tfarchiologii (Pans, 1858 . I. 93-104; III. 1-62: I\ . _'7il jsi; and more particularly I:. ..mi ii de Fletjry, La Meeae, VI, 1-56. and corresponding plates, whicfa last supply the best available pictorial illustration of the subject.
Herbert Thurston.
Canea, formerly a titular see of Crete, suppressed by a decree of 1 MM. Canea is the Italian name of Cydonia. Both names, however, were used simul- taneously as separate titles. (See Ctdonia i
- Pi i i:m.i S.
Canelos and Macas, Vicariate Apostolic of, in
Ecuador, South America, separated in 18S6 from the
Vicariate Apostolic of Napo, until then administered
by the Jesuits, and since 3 Feb., 1893, one of the four missionary vicariates created by the concordat of Leo XIII with Ecuador (Battandier). This vicariate is now in charge of the Dominicans, who sent thither the first missionaries shortly after the Spanish conquest; it is not subject to Propaganda, but to the Congre- gation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. The vicariate is bounded on the west by the province of Chimborazo and the River Morona, on the south by the Amazon (Maraiion), on the east by the Tigre, and on the north by the Curaray; the entire territory is divided lengthwise by the' Pastaza. The city of Canelos is situated in the foothills of the Andes, not far from the sources of the Bobonaza, and takes its name (identical with that of a very ferocious tribe of Indians) from the cinnamon plant which grows very abundantly in these regions. It dates from the first period of the Spanish conquest, but was often de- stroyed by the savages. The city of Macas lies far- ther south on the Upano, and was once a centre of great wealth, owing to the neighbouring gold mines; it was known as Sevilla del Oro, or "Golden Seville". Owing to the attacks of the savages it became neces- sary to abandon these mines, whereupon Macas fell into decay. The Indians who dwell in this vast vicariate are partly Christians (a remnant of the con- verts made by the earlier missionaries) and partly pagan. Robust and intelligent, but passionately de- voted to their freedom, they are very widely scat- tered, and the tribes arc frequently at war with one another. The missionaries gather 'the orphans of the Indians killed in these wars and instruct them in vari- ous trades and industries; in this wav they have es- tablished a fairly large number of Christian settle- ments. Other important cities of the vicariate are Mendoza and Gualaquiza. Canelos is also the name of the river that flows through the territory of the Canelos Indians.
Gararchia Catlolica .Home, 1907), 327: Battandier, Ann. Pont. Calh I Paris. 1007 i. 341; Stheit, Kathol. Missiansatlas (Steyl, 1906). 27 and map 28.
U. Benigni.
Canes, Vincent (John Baptist), Friar Minor and controversialist, b. on the borders of Nottingham and Leicestershire, date uncertain; d. in London, June, 1672. Though brought up a Protestant, he em- braced the Catholic Faith at the age of twenty, and shortly afterwards went from England to Douai. Here he was received into the Franciscan Order and became lector of philosophy and later professor of theology in the convent of the Friars Minor. Having returned to England, he laboured strenuously for the spread of the Catholic Faith and was chosen by t In < latholics to defend their cause against Dr. Stil- lingfleet. Canes' well-known ability as a controver- sialist was strengthened by the absence of bitterness or animosity towards his opponents, while his elegant. and graceful style made his writings effective. His works are: (1) The Reclaimed Papist: or a Dialogue between a Popish Knight, a Protestant Lady, a Par- son and his Wife" i 1655); (2) " Fiat Lux : nr a < leneral conduct to a right understanding and charity in the great Combustions and Broils about Religion herein England, betwixt Papist and Protestant, Presby- terian and Independent. To the end that Modera- tion and Quietness may at length happily ensue after so serious Tumults in the Kingdom (1662). This work was dedicated to Elizabeth, Countess of Arundel and Surrey, the mother of Cardinal Howard, and is admirably calculated to inspire sentiments of modera- tion and peace; (3) " Infallibility" (1665), an appen- dix to the preceding work; (4) "An Epistle to the
Author of Animadversion on I iat Lux (1664); (5) "Diaphanta, or Three Attendants on Fiat Lux,
