CANTABRIGIENSIS
299
CANTERBURY
In 1815 Canova wont to Paris, as the pope's envoy,
to negotiate for the return of the art treasures carried
away from Italy by Napoleon in his campaign, and
conducted his mission so successfully that a large
part of the spoils was recovered. In acknowledg-
ment of his services he was created Marquis of Ischia,
with an income attached to the title. The pope in
person inscribed the sculptor's name in the Golden
Book of Roman Nobles. Canova, about this time,
blocked out his colossal statue of Religion holding a
cross and unveiling a circular relief on which was the
figure of the Lamb. Owing to its huge size the "Relig-
ion" found no place; it was repeated on a lesser scale
for Lord Brownlow. In 1S17 came the charming " In-
fant St. John" and the tomb for the Stuart princes
in St. Peter's. In 1818 Canova was commissioned to
make a heroic statue of Washington for the State
House. Raleigh, N. C. He clothed him as a Roman
warrior but the head was mild and full of dignity. The
"Recumbent .Magdalen", for the Earl of Liverpool,
was one of the sculptor's latest works, as was also the
"Pius VI" (in the Confessioat St. Peter's), whose up-
lifted face and joined hands are full of a religious exalt-
ation. A colossal bust of his friend and biographer,
Count Cicognara, was the last work from his hand.
Canova was buried at his native Possagno, where he had spent large sums in erecting a memorial church, in imitation of the Parthenon and Pantheon. His bronze "Pieta" is there, also the "Descent from the Cross", one of his few paintings, coloured in the manner of the early Venetians. Leo XII gave him a monument in the Capitol (Rome); and a design which the master had made for Titian's tomb was used for his own in S. Maria dei Frari, Venice. Canova's main glory rests on his classic subjects; he did not wholly escape the affectation and arti- ficiality of his day, but his best sculptures are noble in conception and form, full of grace, tranquil beauty, and elegance. He lifted the art of sculpture from the low condition to which it had fallen in the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries. His finish was peculiarly soft and velvet-like, the flesh having an appearance of bloom. His friends have denied that he used acids to produce this effect. It should be noted, however, that very different estimates have been formed of his work, especially of his religious subjects. In character Canova was gentle, modest, of a religious nature, and of the most un- wearying generosity. He was an indefatigable worker, and employed in beneficence, especially for the advancement of young artists, the wealth which flowed in upon him. He received many honours: orders of chivalry, membership in the French Insti- tute, and a perpetual presidentship of the Roman Academy of St. Luke. He was never married, and the name is said to be extinct, save as borne by the descendants of his stepbrothers called Satori-Canova.
Cicognar\, Biografia di Antonio Canova (Venice, 1823); Albri/ dtura c di Pla.stica di Antonio Canova
dctcrilte .Yoiii.-e, lso'.l ; Mum. Canova (I-eiprig, 1S98). M. L. Handley.
Cantabrigiensis Codex. See Codex Bez/E.
Cantate Sunday, a name given to the fourth Sun- day after Easter, from t he first word of the Introit at Mass on thai day -"Cantate Domino novum canti- cum", Sing ye to the Lord a new song— similar to the names Gaudett and Lecture Sundays, assigned to the third Sunday of Advent and the fourth of Lent. These names, which are as old probably as the twelfth century, appear to have been in common use in the Middle Ages and to have been employed to signify the date in secular affairs as well as i eclesiastical. John of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres (d. 1 182), is one of the earliest writers to use the name.
<e j -1.); Hampson.
Mrdii <rri" Kalrntiari inn. or Datr.t. Charters and Customs of the Middle Age* (London. 1841), II, 40.
G. Cyprian Alston.
Canterbury (Cantuaria — Roman name.DuROVER-
num, whence, in Anglo-Saxon times, Durovernia),
Ancient Diocese of (Cantuakiensis), the Mother-
Church and Primatial See of All England, from 597
till the death of the last Catholic Archbishop, Cardinal
Pole, in 1558.
Foundation of the See. — When St. Augustine was sent to evangelize England by St. Gregory the Great, he found an opening for his labours in the fact that yEthelburga or Bertha, Queen of iEthelberht, King of Kent, was a Christian and a disciple of St. Gregory of Tours. This led him to Canterbury, where he converted the king and many thousands of Saxons in 597, the very year of his land- ing. Though St. Gregory had planned the division of England into two archbishoprics, one at London and one at York, St. Augustine's success at Canter- bury explains how the southern archiepiscopal see came to be fixed there instead of at London. The first beginnings of the diocese are told by St. Bede (Hist. Eccl., I, xxxiii). "When Augustine, the first Archbishop of Canterbury, assumed the epis- copal throne in that royal city, he recovered therein. by the King's as- sistance, a church which, as he was told, had been con- structed by the original labour of Roman believers. This church he consecrated in the name of the Sav- iour, our Cod and Lord Jesus Christ, and there he established an habitation for himself and all his suc- cessors".
The Archbishops. — There were in all sixty-eight archbishops during the period, just short of a thou- sand years, in which ( lanterbury was the chief Cat bo- lie see in England. In the following list the dates ol some of the earlier prelates cannot be regarded as erit ically certain, but are those usually given. Those marked with an asterisk became cardinals.
St. Augustine, 597-604.
St. Laurence, 604 619.
St. Mellitus. 619-624.
St. Justus, 624-627.
St. Honorius, 627-653.
St. Deusdedit, 655-664.
St. Theodore. 668-690.
St. Berhtwald, 693-731.
St. Tatwin, 731-734.
Not helm, 735-740.
Cuthbert, 741-758
Bregwin, 759-765.
Jaenberht, 766-790.
Ethelhard, 793-805
Wulfred. 805-832
Feologild, 832-
Ceolnoth, 833-870
Ethelred, 870-889.
Plegmund, 890-914
At helm, 914-923.
Wulfhelm. 923-942.
St. Odo. 942-958.
Alfsin, 959 959.
St [tunst.m. 96(1 !>SS
Ethelgar, 988-989.
Sigeric, 990-994.
Elfric, 995 1005.
St. /Elphege, 1005-1012.
Living, 1013-1020.
St. Ethelnoth, 1020-1038.
St Eadsi, 1038-1050.
Robert, 1051-1052.
Stigand, 1052-1070.
Lanfranc, 1070-1089.
St. Vnselm, 1093-1109.
Ralph d'Escures, 1114-
1 122. William de Corbeuil,
1123-1136. Theobald, 1139-1161. St. Thomas Becket, 1162-
1170. Richard, 1171 1184, Baldwin, 1185-1190. Buberl Walter, 1193
1205. Stephen Langton* 1207-
L228. Richard Grant, 1229-
1231.
