CARDINAL
341
CARDINAL
de' cardinali delta S. R. Chiesa (Romp. 1792 sen,.): Vu.ir.Ri,
Delia dignita del cardinalato (Venice, 1S33>; Ferraris, Prompta
biblioth'cii canonxca, s. v. Cardirudia; DigniU dea co-rdinaux in
AnaUela juria ponlificii, II, 191S sqq.; Crzstofori, Storia dei
cardinal! ill S. A'. Chiesa dal s.eala V aU'auiia i%s\ i 1\. >ih,*,
1^^ ; Seton, Th, Cardinalate in The Catholic World ust.o,
XXI, 359, 173; Humphrey, Urbs et Orbie (London, 1899);
- rosa, Dei tiloli ■■-■■>,.■ I: ■, i s'i;
Kerr, Regesta Ponlificum Romanorum: Italia Pontificta (Berlin. 1906), I: also Chevalier, A'- /• <■' ' - /..■ topo-
Paris, 1894-99), s. v.
Johannes Baptist Sagmi u.kk.
Cardinal Protector.— Since the thirteenth cen- tury it has been customary al Rome to confide to some particular cardinal a special solicitude in the Koman Curia for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, nation, etc. He was its representative or orator when it sought a favour or a privilege, defended it when un- just ly accused, and besought the aid of the Holy See when its rights, property, or interests were violated or imperilled. Such a cardinal came to be known as a cardinal protector. In ancient Rome a similar rela-
ip existed between the client (cliens) and his patron (patronus); as the power of the city grew, a still closer analogy is visible between the Roman in- stitution and the modern ecclesiastical protectorate. Nearly every provincial city had its patnmns, or pro- curator, in imperial Rome, usually a Roman patrician or knight, and such persons were held in high esteem. Cicero, e. g., was patronus of Dyrrachium (Durazzo) anil of ( lapua, in which city a gilded statue was raised to him. In time the office became hereditary in cer- tain families; Suetonius, in his life of Tiberius, says that the Claudian family (</<)is fluiniia) was from ancient times (antiquitus) protector of Sicily and the Peloponnesus. The Roman Church adopted this, with many other imperial institutions, as one service- able for external administration, not that the popes who first conferred this office and title sought to copy an ancient Roman usage, but because analogous con- ditions and circumstances created a similar situation. The office is conferred by the pope through the secre- tary of state, sometimes by spontaneous designation of the Holy Father, sometimes at the request of those who seek Mich protection. Such a cardinal protector had the right to place his eoat-of-arms on the church, or main edifice, of the institute, or the municipal palace of the city in question. The first to hold such an office was Cardinal Ugolino Conti (Gregory IX i, who sought thereby to paralyze the intrigues of his many enemies at Rome; at the request of St. Francis himself lie was named protector of the Franciscans by Innocent III. and again by Honorius III. Alexander IV and Nicholas III retained for themselves the office of protector of the Franciscans. Indeed, the latter were long the only order that boasted of a cardinal protector; it was only in the fourteenth century that gradually the office was extended. As early as 1370 Gregory XI was obliged to restrain the abuses com- mitted by tin- cardinal protector of the Franciscans; Martin V (1417-31) forbade the acceptance by the
•••r of ;i religious order of any payment for his protection. While Sixtus IV and Julius II defined mure particularly the limits of the office, Innocent Nil (1691 1700) must be credited with the final regulation of the duties and rights of a cardinal pro- Kingdoms, empires, et"c. must have had cardinal protectors previous to Crban VI i I ;7s S'.l , since that pope forbade such cardinals to receive anything from the respective sovereigns of these states, lest through
i money they should be led to abet works of in- justice. In 1 l-'l Martin V forbade the cardinal- to accept tin- protectorate of kings and princes, which prohibition was renewed in 1402 by Alexander VI.
prohibition was not renewed by I.eo \ in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512; the car- dinals, however, were urged to exercise the office in an
impartial way and without human respect. At pres-
ent the only state with a cardinal protector is the
Kingdom of Portugal.
Hieronvmi PlatI, Trartatms de earilinalis dianitale et officio (Home. 1S36), xxxiii; Humphrey, Urbs et Orbis (London, 1896).
U. Benigni.
Cardinal Sees. See Ostia; Vf.i.i.etri; Porto; Santa Rufina; Albano; Frascati (Tusculum); Palestrina; Sabina.
Cardinal Vicar, the vicar-general of the pope, as Bishop of Rome, for the spiritual administration of the city, and its surrounding district, properly known as Vicarius Urbis.
List of Vicarii. — A complete but uncritical list of the vicarii in spiritualibus in urbe Generates, was pub- lished by Ponzetti (Rome, 1797) ; it was added to and improved by Moroni (Dizionario, XCIX). From the manuscripts of Canccllieri in the Vatican Library new names were added by Crostarosa (Dei titoli della Chiesa romana, Rome, 1893). Eubel, by his own studies 'or the first volume of his " Ilierarchia Catho lica Medii ^Evi", and with the aid of the manuscript notes of Garampi in the Vatican Archives, was en- abled to present a new list substantially enlarged and improved (1200-1552) Many new discoveries of the undersigned have enabled him to draw up a critical list of the vicars and their representatives from 1100 to 1600. For the period before 1100 a fresh examina- tion of all the original sources is necessary; for the present all names previous to that date must be held as uncertain. The first vicarius in spiritualibus clearly vouched for is Bovo (Bobo) episcopus Tuscula- nus (Lavicanus) about 1100 (Duchesne. Lib. Pont.,
11, 299 and 307, note 20; cf. also tJaffe, R.R. PP.
12, 6069, 6106). Until 1260 the vicars were chosen from among the cardinals; the first, vicar taken from among the bishops in the vicinity of Rome was the Dominican Thomas Fusconi de Berta, episcopus Se~ nensis (Moroni, Eubel). This custom continued until the secret consistory of 29 Nov., 1558, when Paul IV decreed that in the future the vicars should be chosen from among the cardinals of episcopal dignity; it was then that arose the popular title of "cardinal-vicar", never used officially; the formal title is, and has always been. Vicarius Urbis.
Nomination and Oath. — It seems certain that in the twelfth century vicars were named only when the pope absented himself for a long time from Rome or its neighbourhood. When he returned, the vicar's duties ceased. This may have lasted to the pontifi- cate of Innocent IV (1243-54); on the other hand it is certain that in the latter half of this century the vicar continued to exercise the duties of his office even during the presence of the pope at Home. Thus the nomination of a vicar on 28 April, 1299, is dated from the Lateran. The office owes its full develop- ment to the removal of the Curia to Southern France and its final settlement at Avignon. Since then the list of vicars is continuous. The oldest commissions do not specify any period of duration; in the Hull of 16 June, 1307, it is said for the first time that the office is held "at our good will". It is only in the sixteenth century that we meet with life-tenures; the exact year of this important modification remains
yet to be fixed. Formerly the nomination was by Bull; when began the custom of Dominating by Brief is difficult to determine. The oldest Hull of nom- ination known bears the date of 13 Feb., 1264 [Reg. Vat., torn. 28. fol. XC r. cap. XXXVIII (356); Gui- raud, Lea registres d'TJrbain IV. II, 359]. An im-
mi morial custom of the Curia demands that all its officials shall be duly sworn in. and this was the ease with the vicars. In all probability during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries such oaths were taken at the hands of the pope himself. Later the duty fell to the Apostolic Camera (q. v.). The oath, whose text
