CARNEIRO
370
CARNOY
which the student will do well to handle critically. The first
three vols, of Lezana, Annates sacri prophetici et Eliani Ord.
(4 vols.. Rome. 1645, 1650. 1653, and 1656). contain the life
of the Prophet Elias, the history of the order during the Old
Law. at the coming of Christ, and during the Middle Ages as
far as 1140; the fourth vol., which might have permanent
value as it embraces the period from 1140 till 1515, is in many
respects unsatisfactory and superficial. Philippus a SS. Trin-
itate. Compendium historic Carmelitarum (Lyons. 1656); Idem,
Thcnlogia Cnrmelitana (Rome, 1665); Idem, Decor Carmeli
(Lyons. 166.5); Haitze d' Ache wrote against this work Les
motifs cinpriintis, to which Jean de Vaux replied by Rcponse
pour les Religieux Carmes ou livrc intitule: Les moines empr.
(Cologne, 1607). Louis de Ste Therese, La succession du S.
praphete Elie (Paris, 1662); Johannes-Nepomucenus a S.
Familia, vere Petrus Renerus, Hisloire de VOrdre de N. D.
du Moid Cormel nous ses neuf premiers gcniraux (Maastricht,
1798), published anonymously; this author frankly adopts the
thesis of the Bollandists. Alexis-Louis de S. Joseph, His-
toire snmmaire de VOrdre de N.D. du Mont Carmel (Carcassonne.
IS55); Ferdinand de Ste Therese, Mcnologe du Carmel (3
vols., Lille, 1879), not always reliable; Caili.aud, OriginedeVOr-
dre du Carmel (Limoges, 1891); Zimmerman. Monumenta his-
torica Cnrmelitana (L.'-rins, 1907), so far only one vol., containing
the oldest constitutions, acts of general chapters, biographical
and critical notes on the first generals, lists of the Masters of
Paris, and various collections of letters. No critical history,
however compendious, has as yet been attempted, although
there is no lack of material in public archives as well as in
those of the various branches of the order.
Origins. — The bibliography of the controversy anout the antiquity of the order is extremely lengthy, but of no general interest; the principal works are: (1) in favour of the tradi- tional view: Daniel a Virgine Maria, op. cit.: Sebastianus a S. Paulo, Exhibilin crrorum (Cologne. 169U) ; (2) against the tradition: .4r(a SS., April, I, 764-99, May, II. Commcntar. npolnnel., 709-846: Papebroch, Responsio ad Exhib. error. (3 vols.. Antwerp, 1696); Idem, Elucidation Reusch, Der Index der nerbotenen Biicher (Bonn, 1885), II, 267 sqq.
General History of the Order: — Gulielmus de San- vico (1291), Trithemius: De ortu et progress!/; de viris illus- tribus; Pal.eonydorus, Fasciculus trimerestus (Mainz, 1497; Venice, 1570), reprinted in Daniel a Virgine Maria, op. cit.; Lucius, Biblinlhcen Carmel. (Florence, 1593); Cosme de Vil- liers de S. Etienne, Bibliolheca Cnrmelitana (2 vols., Orleans, 1752), which should be compared with the MSS. corrections and additions of Norrehtus a S. Juliana in the Royal Library at Brussels. De Smedt. Inlroiluctio general, ad histor. eccles. (Ghent, 1876); Hurter, Nomenclator (Innsbruck, 1S93); Chevalier, Rep. topn-bibliogr., s. v.; Koch, Die Karmelitcn- kloster der nicderdeutschen Proeinz (Freiburg im Br., 1889); Zimmerman, Die heil. Einsieilelcicn im Karmeliten-Orden, in Stimmen v. Berge Karmcl (Graz, 1S98-1900); Idem, Die eng- lischen Karmelitenklbster (Graz, 1901-1903).
Reforms: — Reform of Mantua: Pensa, Teatro degli uomini illustri delta famiglia di Mnntovn (Mantua, 1618); Fellini, Sacrum musceum s. Congreg. Mantuantr (Bologna, _ 1691); Vaghi, Commentarium fratrum et suramin Ordin. B. V. M . de Monte Carm. Congreg. Mantuan. (Parma, 1725). On the re- form of Touraine (Rennes). Leo a S. Johann-e, Tupus vestis religiose* i Paris, 1625), on change of colour of habit; Idem, Delineatio observantiir Rhedonensis (Paris, 1646). Mathias a S. Johanne, L'esprit de la reforme des Carmes en France (Bor- deaux, 1666); Sernin-Marie ne S. Andre, Vie du Ven. Fr. Jean de S. Samson (Paris. 1881). Reform of St. Teresa, (1) Spain: Besides her own writings, Franciscus a S. Maria and others: Reforma de los Descalros (6 vols., Madrid, 1644); part of this work, which is partisan, in favour of Doria and against St. John of the Cross and Jerome Gratian. has been translated into Italian (Genoa, 1654) and French (Paris, 1665; Lerins, 1896); Gregoire de S. Joseph. Le Pcre Gralien et ses juges (Rome. 1904). also tr. It. and Sp.; Idem., Peregrinacion de Anastnsio (Burgos, 1905), published anonymously. (2) Portu- gal: Melchior a S. Anna and others. Chronica de Carmelitas Descalcos (3 vols., Lisbon, 1657). (3) Italy and other coun- tries: Isidor a S. Joseph, and Petrus a S. Andrea, Historia generalis fratrum discaleeatnr. (2 vols.. Rome, 1668, 1671); Eu- sebius ab Omnibus Sanctis, Enchiridion rhronolngixum Car- mel. Dvscalceat. (Rome. 1737); Louis de Ste Therese. Annates des Carmes deehausses de France (Paris, 1066; Laval, 1891); Henricus-Maria a SS. Sacramento, Collectio scriptorum Ord. Carmel. Excalceat. (2 vols., Savona, 18S4), superficial. On the missions: Joh. A Jesu-Maria, Liber sen historia missionum, in Opp. omnia (Florence. 1774). Ill; Philippus a SS. Trinitate, Ilinerarium orientate (Lyons, 1619; also Fr. and It); Euse- biusabOmnib. Sanctis. Historia missionum (1730'; Pai i.inus
a S.Bart .omjeo, Opera (Rome, 17'io>; Bertholde-Ignace
de S. Anne. //■ t de r \abh tmenl ■'■ In mi ion de Perse
(Brussels. 1886); \,ii,, \l - ,i DI 3 SaTJVEUR, l.csanc-
tuaire du )/•«.' Camel (Tournai, 189; . t!» ..n-unal edition published without acknowledgment, bv.Hi.iEN de Ste Therese
(M.-ir-eillc. IS76); IIenrictjs a S Familia, Leven dergAuk- zaligni Dionn-nn ■ n I; cd, m pi r i i ns, 1900); R.U8HE, Carmel
in Ireland 'Dublin. |s')7; s ilement, 1903); Zimmerman,
Carmel in England (London, h'"
Carmelite Nuns Hotjssayib, 1/ de Birulle el les Carme- lites de France ( Paris, I S72> ' Hiini v, \ •'<•. , s In to rig lies sur
les origines (Pari-. 1873); Hoossaye, Les Carmelites de France et lei ,, ,„. .tit u lions (Brussels. 1S73); Albert-Marie dtj S. Sauveur, Les Carmes dichausses 'le France (3 vols.. Pans. 1886) with a supplement on the Jansenist troubles in the convent of the Incarnation at Paris; Memoire surlafondation.le aouveme-
ment et Vobservance des Carmelites dechaussees (2 vols., Reims.
lv.it), anonymous, by the Carmelite nuns of the Rue d'Enfer,
Paris, with a valuable bibliography; Chroniqy.es de Vordre des
Carmelites (9 vols., partly at Troyes, 1846: partly at Poitiers, 1.887); Berthoi.d-Ignace de Ste Anne, Vie de In Mi re Annedc Jesus (2 vols., Mechlin, 1876, 1882'; La lie el les instructions de la Ven. Anne de S. Barlhelcmy (anonymous, by a solitary of the "Desert" of Marlaigne). (new ed.. Paris, 18951; Sylvain, Yicdu P. Hermann (Paris, 1881). tr. Germ, and It.; Carmel in India (anonymous) (London, 1895); Ignace de S. Jean l'Evangeliste, Vie et vertus hcroigucs de la Mire Then i <l< Jisus 'Marchocka) (Lillie. 1906); Vie de la R. Mire Camillc de I'Enfant Jesus nee de Soyecourt (anonymous), ed. d'Hulst (Paris, 1898); Bedingfield, Life of Margaret Mostiin (London. 1884); Hunter, An English Carmelite: Life of Catherine Bur- ton (London, 1876); Currier, Carmel in America (Baltimore, 1890).
Benedict Zimmerman.
Carneirc (Carnero), Melchior, missionary bishop; b. of a noble family at Coimbra, in Portugal; d. at Macao, 19 August, 1583. He entered the Society of Jesus 25 April, 1543, was appointed in 1551 the first rector of the College of Evora, and shortly after transferred to the rectorship of the College of Lisbon. When, in 1553, Simon Rodriguez, the first provincial of Portugal, was summoned to Rome by St. Ignatius to answer charges made against his administration, the visitor, Nadal, assigned him Carneiro as a com- panion. In the meantime King John of Portugal, the great friend and patron of the Society, had written both to Pope Julius III and to St. Ignatius, request- ing the appointment of a Jesuit as Patriarch of Ethiopia. The pope chose John Nugnez, giving him at the same time two coadjutors with the right of succession, Andrew Oviedo, titular Bishop of Hier- apolis, and Melchior Carneiro, of Niesea. They were consecrated in 1555, and were the first Jesuits to be raised to the episcopal dignity. The pope had given them an order of obedience to accept consecration, and St. Ignatius acquiesced, considering that the dignity carried with it hardship and suffering rather than honour. Unable to enter his missionary field of Ethiopia, Carneiro set out for the Indies and landed at Goa. He laboured there on the Malabar coast until 1567, when he was appointed first Bishop of Japan and China, which office he seems to have re- nounced soon after, for in 1569 Leonard de Saa suc- ceeded him. He retired to the house of the Society of Jesus at Macao, where he died. Carneiro has writ- ten some letters of considerable historical interest, one from Mozambique, one from Goa, and two from Macao. They are printed in various collections.
Mon.Hist.Soc.Jesv (Madrid, 1894-96); Vita Ignatii Loyola;, I-IV, passim; Litrra' Quadnmrstres, I-IV, passim; Sommer- vogel, Bibl. dc lac. de J. , U, s. v.
B. Gtjldner.
Carnoy, Jean-Baptiste, Belgian biologist, b. at Rumillies, province of Hainaut, near Tournai, 22 Jan., 1836; d. at Schuls, in Switzerland, 6 September, 1899. After the usual course in theology at the semi- nary of Tournai, he was ordained priest and then de- voted some years to the study of natural science, for which he had always shown great talent. His prog- ress was rapid and, after receiving the degree of Doctor of Science, lie was awarded a Government travelling fellowship- He went to Germany, where he worked with Ilanstein at Bonn ami also spent some time in Leipzig, Berlin, and Vienna. lie was then sent to Rome by hi: bishop on business pertaining t'> the Diocese of Tournai. While there he mode the
acquaintance of Buoncompagni and Castracane and
was associated with the hitler in his researches. In
1868 he was recalled to Belgium, his bishop, at the request of Monseigneur Laforet, having consented to
attach him to the University of Louvain to found a course in general biology. Financial difficulties at the university, however, made it impracticable to carry out this plan at the time, and he became, in- stead, vicar at ('files near Tournai. lhiring his stay here he completed his "Recherches anatomiquea et
