to Heylin, 2374 of them. The work of suppressing and despoiling the chantries, begun by Henry VIII, was taken up and completed by his successor, Edward VI. in 1547. They yielded to the harpies that swarmed about his court 180,000 pounds. But the spirit which gave them birth could not be de- stroyed, and we see it manifesting itself in our own time in the erection of the Vaughan Chantry in the new cathedral of Westminster. Among the many evils attendant upon the suppression of the chantry the most grievous, perhaps, was the effect upon edu- cation. For the chantries were the grammar schools of the period the incumbent "teaching gratis the poor who asked it humbly for the love of God". Just how many of them had taken on this character of grammar school it is difficult to say. But that it was very large is seen from the fact that in 1562, nine years after Edward, the long-heralded "Father" of grammar schools, was dead, we find Williams, the Speaker of the House of Commons, in an address to the queen. referring to "the want of schools: that at least a hundred were wanting in England which before that time had been"-an allusion which we may safely assume had reference to the chantry schools. And Leach, who does not hesitate to call Edward "the Spoiler", instead of "the Father" of schools, says that between 1547 and 1645 no grammar school was founded in England which had not already ex- isted as a chantry. (See SCHOOLS.)
SHARPE, Calendar of Wills Proved and Enrolled in the Court of Husting, London, 1255-1688, ed. PAGE (2 vols., London, 1889-1890); Yorkshire Chantry Surveys, Being the Certificates of the Commissioners Appointed to Survey the Chantries, Guilds, Hospitals, etc., in the County of York, ed. RAINES (2 vols. Sur- tees Society, London, 1898); A History of the Chantries within the County Palatine of Lancaster, Bring the Reports of the Royal Commissioners of, Henry VIII, Edward VI. and Queen Mary; LEACH ed., Early Yorkshire Schools, York. Beverly, Ripon (Yorkshire Archeological Society), 1. in Record Series (London, 1899). XXVII; STOW, A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster and of the Borough of Southwark (2 vols., London, 1754-5); MOYES in Academy. XXXVII. 223; LEACH in Contemporary Review (1892); MILBURN in Dublin Review (April, 1899); JESSOP in Nineteenth Century (March, 1898); MOYES in Dublin Review (January and April, 1899); Saturday Review, LIX, 344; HOLLAND in Catholic University Bulletin (Jan., 1903).
CORNELIUS HOLLAND.
Chapeauville, JEAN, a Belgian theologian and historian, b. at Liège, 5 January, 1551; d. there 11 May, 1617. He made his philosophical studies at the Universities of Cologne and Louvain, and at the latter received the degree of Licentiate of Theol- ogy. He then entered the priesthood, and in 1578 was appointed one of the synodal examiners for the Diocese of Liège, and in 1579 parish priest of St. Michael's in the same city. He performed the functions of the latter office for about ten years. Having been a canon of the collegiate church of St. Peter's in Liège since 1582, he was elevated in 1599 to the dignity of a provost of the same church. In 1587. Pope Sixtus V appointed him the first peniten- tiary canon of St. Lambert's Cathedral. On 12 June, 1600, he was promoted to the archdeaconship of Famenne. Meanwhile, in 1582, he had been nominated Inquisitor of the Faith, and in 1598, Ernest of Bavaria, Bishop of Liège, appointed him vicar- general, in which office he was retained. despite his protests, by Bishop Ernest's successor. Ferdinand of Bavaria. Chapeauville was distinguished for his great charity in attending the sick, especially during the pestilence that visited Liège in 1581, and for his ex- emplary piety and his zeal for the progress of sacred studies. He taught theology with great success in several monasteries of Liège and published works on theological subjects. He endeavoured to enforce in the diocese the reforms decided upon by the Council of Trent, particularly the establishment of a clerical seminary and the concursus for the nomination of parish priests. He also published a valuable collec- tion of the chief works on the history of the bishops of Liège, and even wrote an account of the episcopate of Liège, commencing with Erard de la Marck (1506) and ending with the year 1613. His principal works are: "Tractatus de necessitate et modo administrandi sacramenta tempore pestis" (Liège, 1586): "Petit traité des vices et des vertus" (Liège, 1594); "Ab- brégé de la somme des péchez M. J. Benedicti" (Liège, 1595); "De casibus reservatis tractatus" (Liège, 1596); "Catechismi Romani elucidatio scholas- tica (Liège, 1600); "Historia admirandarum cura- tionum quæ divinitus ope deprecationeque divi Per- petui Leodiensis episcopi contigerunt. Adjecta est vita B. Perpetui" (Liège, 1601; Fr. tr., 1601); "Summa catechismi Romani" (Liège, 1605): "Epis- tola ad catechistas de tædio quod catechistis obrepere solet" (Liège, 1605); "Catechista. sive brevis tracta- tus de necessitate et inodo administrandi doctrinam christianam" (Liège, 1608); "Qui gesta pontificum tungrensium, trajectensium et leodiensium scrip- serunt auctores præcipui" (3 vols., Liège, 1612, 1613, 1616).
A number of copies of the first volume of CHAPEAUVILLE'S Periocha vita auctoris fideliter post ipsius obitum contracta. Qui gesta pontificum contain a short biography of the author: FOPPENS, Bibliotheca Belgica (Brussels, 1739). II, 608-10; BECDELIEVRE, Biographie liégeoise (Liège, 1839), I, 407-12; DE THEUX DE MONTJARDIN, Le chapitre de Saint-Lambert à Liège (Liège, 1871-72), III, 186; HELBIG in Biographie nationale de Belgique (Brussels, 1872), III, 428-32; PONCELET, Inventaire analytique des chartes de la collégiale de Saint-Pierre à Liège (Brussels, 1906), xxviii; DE THEUX, Bibliographie liégeoise (Brussels, 1867).
A. VAN HOVE.
Chapel (Lat. capella; Fr. chapelle).-When St. Martin divided his military cloak (cappa) and gave half to the beggar at the gate of Amiens, he wrapped the other half round his shoulders, thus making of it a cape (rapella). This cape, or its representative, was afterwards preserved as a relic and accompanied the Frankish kings in their wars, and the tent which sheltered it became known also as cappella or capella. In this tent Mass was celebrated by the military chaplains (capellani). When at rest in the palace the relic likewise gave its name to the oratory where it was kept, and subsequently any oratory where Mass and Divine service were celebrated was called capella, chapelle, chapel. The word is first found used in this sense by Marculfus (seventh century), who gives the above etymology, an explanation which has been generally accepted ever since, though Durandus ventures upon an alternative derivation, to wit, capra, because the tent above mentioned was made of goat-skins. Another, but improbable, derivation is cupella, a domical or cup-shaped monu- ment (see CUPOLA). The canopy over an altar was also at one time called a capella. In ecclesiastical documents the main sanctuary of a church is often termed the capella major, to distinguish it from the side-altars (cf. St. Charles Borromeo's "Instruc- tions"). In Spain the sanctuary containing the high altar is to this day called the capilla mayor. The thing is, however, much more ancient than the name, and Thomassin quotes numerous early references to oratoria, sacella, and evктhpia In dealing with the subject a large number of different kinds of chapels are to be considered, which vary according to their connexion with, or dependence upon, other buildings, or to the specific uses to which they were put. Thus we have chapels which structurally form part of a larger church, those which are included within other buildings not churches, and those which are entirely separate and detached. We have also papal, royal, episcopal, votive, wayside and mortuary chapels. It seems best for the purposes of this article, first to trace the origin and development of chapels in gen- eral, and then to deal with the different kinds, accord- ing to their special uses, and under their respective titles, in alphabetical order.
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT.-The earliest places of
