CHAPELLE
579
CHAPLAIN
the best known being that of St. Louis, who was
allowed to carry the Blessed Sacrament on board ship
and to have Mass, without consecration, celebrated
before It, the rolling and tossing of the vessel being
considered prohibitive of the full ceremonial.
Votive, Wayside, and Bridge Chapels. — The Middle Ages furnish numerous examples of votive chapels, erected by the devotion of private persons, often to commemorate some special event or to enshrine some valued relic. Among these may be classed many of the famous places of pilgrimage, both in England and elsewhere. Akin to these are the wayside and bridge chapels which testify to the piety of the times. Ex- isting examples of the latter are to be seen at Pisa, Avignon, Wakefield, Rotherham, Bradford-on-Avon, and St. Ives, while a century ago the remains of such buildings still stood at Rochester, York, Bath, and London. (See Bridge-Building Brotherhood.) Wayside chapels, intended for the use of travel- lers, were often to be found on the way leading to some pilgrimage shrine. The "Slipper Chapel", in Norfolk, is a well-preserved example, formerly used by the pilgrims going to the celebrated shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham. It has in recent years been restored and once more placed in Catholic hands.
Ecclesiastical Law as to ( hapels. — The present- day law of the Church, while placing no restriction on the erection of chapels that form part of a larger church, lays down very definite regulations respect- ing any that belong to the category of private chapels. This applies, however, only to those intended for the celebration of Mass; there is no restriction whatever as regards the setting apart of a particular chamber in a private house merely for purposes of private prayer and devotion. But for a chapel in which Mass is to he said, canon law legislates very strictly. Cardinals, bishops (even titular), and regular pre- lates, are allowed the use of a private chapel by right ; for all others a special indult is required. The ordin- ary of the diocese can give the necessary permission for the chapel or oratory of an institution such as a religious house, an orphanage, hospital, workhouse, or prison, such chapels being usually public or semi- public. But for a strictly private chapel in a private house, intended only for the convenience of the
inmates of the house, a papal indult must be ob- tained, and such indults are only granted for suffi- cient reasons, e. g. distance from a church, permanent ill-health of a member of the household, etc. With regard to the fulfilment of the obligation of hearing Mass in such private oratories, the ancient law of the
Church was that the obligation could only be satis- fied by attendance at the parish church. The Council of Trent Bomewhat modified this rule and since then theologians have differed as to what was the exact law. To settle the matter. Leo X 1 1 1 . in 1899 (S. R. C.
no. 40D7). decided that (I) the obligation can !*• d by any one in all public or semi-public chapels to which the faithful have access; but (2) it cannot ordinarily be satisfied in a strictly private chapel by any persons other than those for whose convenience the chapel exists. This rule, in practice. is capable of a somewhat wide interpretation, and
the indult by which the permission for the chapel
is granted usually extends the privilege to various other persons, e. g. relations, guests, servants, etc. All places of worship in England belonging to Catho lies, like those of other religious bodies outside the
Established ( liureh, were formerly termed "chapels."
Rock, ChurcJi of Our Fathers (London, 1852); Korthcoti
ani> Brownlow, Roma Sotteronea (London, 1869 . W Li
church ami Conventual A rrangement (London, L861); Bloxam,
Principle* of Gothic Eceli London ISSL'e
Qasqubt, Parish Life in Medieval England il.en.Ien. ls'iie;
Boso,M„ir Architect,. I ,„m|,,„, ion:, : IUhsks,
Catholic Chap.: [goo 02 Svim
and I'hef.tham, Dictionary of t'hn ■ Chapel (London. Is7.~> . Tran taction) of the St. Paul's I logical Society (London, 1881-84), I; Thomasbin, Vetiu ■
EccleritB Disciplina (Venire. 17fil'
the Christian Church, tr. Belle r
Architecture monaslupic I Paris. I*
antiq. chrit. (Pans, lsir. i; \
Varchitectu re (Paris, 1874); Br
ia, The Polity of
1883); Lenoir,
kjnt, in Diet. de»
mm it
chen-
lexikon;hECLERCq,Manueld'archi i.tiiijici hr'ticnne (Paris, 1907).
G. Cyprian Alston.
Chapelle, Placide-Loitis, Archbishop of New Or- leans, U.S. A., b. at Runes, Lozere, France, 28 August, 1842; d. at New Orleans, 9 August, 1905. He began his classical studies at Mcnde, France, and concluded them at Enghien, Belgium. After a brilliant course of philosophy and theology at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, he received the degree of S.T.D. Ordained priest, 28 June, I860, he was sent as pastor to St. John's Church, Rockville, Maryland, and four years later was named pastor of St. Joseph's, Baltimore. In 1882 he was appointed to St. Matthew's, Wash- ington, where he soon became the leading Catholic clergyman. Dr. Chapelle was consecrated Novem- ber, 1891, at Baltimore, titular Bishop of Arabissus and coadjutor to Archbishop Salpointe of Santa Fe, New Mexico, with the right of succession; he suc- ceeded to that see, 7 January, 1894. He was trans- ferred to the Archbishopric of New Orleans. 7 De- cember, 1897. The Holv See appointed him, 11 October, 1898, Apostolic Delegate to Cuba and Porto Rico and Envoy Extraordinary to the Philippine Islands. He proved himself equal to this important and delicate mission. He spoke with facility French, Spanish, and English, was thoroughly acquainted with the laws of the Church and the spirit of the American Constitution, and rendered valuable ser- vices to the Holy See and to the United States. Being in Paris during the negotiations for the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain, he obtained the insertion therein of the clause which confirmed to the Catholic Church the possession of all properties to which she had a right under the Spanish Government. He was appointed by Leo \ 1 1 1 Apostolic Delegate to the Philippines, 9 August, 1899, and arrived at Manila. 24 January, 1900. His first act was to persuade General Otis to liberate the priests and religious held prisoners by Aguinaldo After reorganizing the affairs of the Church, he helped greatly in the general pacification of the country. Pope Leo XI 11 acknowledged and highly praised in a pontifical Brief the work of Archbishop Chapelle. His mission in the Philippines being at an end, Leo XIII retained him as Apostolic Delegate to Cuba and Porto Rico and named him Assistant to the Pontifical Throne and Count of the Holy Roman Em- pire. Pius X. in an autograph letter of 8 October, 1904, Said to Archbishop Chapelle: "You have ren- dered most, signal services to the < Ihurch in < luba and Porto Rico." Though having an auxiliary bishop, he wished to visit personally all the parishes of Louisi- ana, and he returned from Havana, 30 May, 1905, to fulfil this pastoral duty. Yellow fiver had just broken out in New Orleans, and he started without delay for the city, to be with his stricken people. He took the fever himself, and died, '.' August, 1905, after having in a pastoral, written four days before his death, offered to God his life for his people.
A. Orban.
Chaplain (Lat. eapeUanu 1. chapel). —
The origin of capiila has been a fruitful source of con- troversy. The opinion most favoured is 1 hat which D11
Cange (< lloss. Med. et Inf. Lat.) has drawn from earlier writers, viz. that the word is derived from the capa or capella of St. Martin of Tours, This was a short
cloak preserved as a relic by the Kings of Frame They carried it with them when they went to war and on the field enshrined it under a tent. This tent grad
ually received the name capella, and the custodians of the relic were thence called capellani. Others think that the word capella simply signifies a covering, and
