BULGARIAN
BULLARIUM
La Bulgarie ehretienne (Paris, 1861); L. Duchesne, Les eglises
sti>arees l Pans, 1896); Dumont, Les Bulgares (2nd ed., Paris,
1872); Jirecek, Geschickte der Bulgaren (Germ. tr.. Prague,
1876); Kamiz, Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan (2nd ed., 3
vols., Leipzig, 1882); Balan, Delle relazioni fra la chiesa Cat-
talica e gli Slavi (Home, 1880); Fermenozin, Acta Bulgaria
ecetrsiastlea ab U7i.no 1565 usque ad annum 1799 (Agram, 1887);
Jireczek in Kirchenleiikon, II, 14.59-67; Samcelson, Bul-
garia, Past and Present (London, 1888); Dicey. The Peasant
.Stale: an account of Bulgaria in 1894 (London, 1894); Jirecek,
Das Furstentum Bulaarkn (Prague, 1S91); Lamouche, La
Bulgarie dans le passe et le present (Paris, 1S92), with bibli-
ography; Rattinger, Die Bulgaren und die gruch. schismut
Kireheii, in Slimmen aus Maria Laach (1873), IV, 45-57,
252-655; Drandar, Les rrinements pohliques en Bulgarie
depuis 1878 jusqu'a nos jours (Paris, 1S96); Markovich, Gli
Slavi ed i papi (Agram, 1897); Strauss, Die Bulgaren (Leip-
zig, 1898); Durastel, Annuairc international de la Bulgarie
(Sofia, 1898 ); Falkenegg, Aus Bulgariens Vergangen-
heit und Gegcnwart (Berlin, 1900); Gelzer, Der Patriarchal ion Achrida ' Leipzig. 1902); BoJAN, Les Bulgares el le patriar- ehe mcumenique (Paris, 1905); von Mach, Der Machtbereich des halgarischen Eiarchats in der Tiirkei (Leipzig and Neu-
chatel, 1906); Echos d'Orient (Pans, 1S9S ). I-X, passim;
Herbert, Bq-Paths in the Balkans (London, 1906); MacGahan, Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria (London, 1876).
Joseph Lins.
Bulgarian Version. See Versions of the Bible.
Bulla Aurea (Golden Bull), a fundamental law of the Holy Roman Empire, probably the best known of all the many ordinances of the imperial diet. It takes its name from the golden case in which the seal attached to the document proclaiming the decree was placed. The law was signed by the Em-
Seror Charles IV, January, 1356, during the Diet of furemberg, and was revised at the Diet of Metz in November of the same year. The contents of the Bulla Aurea were of constitutional importance for the empire. It ordained that each emperor should be chosen by election, the right of voting being vested in electoral princes, the number of whom was fixed at seven. As
electors the edict appointed, on the one side, the three ecclesiastical princes most closely connected with the history of the empire, i. e. the Archbish- ops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne. On the other side, the law settled the question, as far as it was still in dispute, as to whether the electoral vote pertained to certain secular principalities or to cer- tain ruling families. It ordained that the right be- longed to Bohemia, the Rhenish Palatinate, Saxony (Sachsen-Wittenberg), and the Mark of Brandenburg; this made the secular electors the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, and the Margrave of Brandenburg. The Bull also defined the powers given by the imperial constitution to the electors, taken as a body, and to certain in- dividual electors separately, both during a vacancy of the throne and during an imperial reign. Thus the document granted to the electors in their char- acter as rulers of principalities certain privileges which had been originally reserved to the German king and emperor and were the signs (if his sover- eignty. The transfer (if these rights to subordinate rulers would, necessarily, gradually make them in- dependent (.1 tin- head of the empire. The Bull also provided for the preservation Of peace in the empire and enacted measures lor holding in check the in- creasing political importance of the rising free cities. In the main the law was intended to confirm rights which had already had a historical development and
Golden Bulla
to settle disputed details of these rights. Constitu-
tional law in the Holy Roman Empire reached its
full growth between the years 1220 and 1555. As
to the position of the "Golden Bull" in connexion
with this development, see Germany.
Brvce, The Holy Roman Empire (New York, 1904), 234 and passim; Hahn. Urspruna u. Bedeutung d. Goldenen Bulle (Breslau. 1903); Mittheil. des Instituts /. oesterreieh. Gesch. (1SS4), V, 96-120.
Martin Spahn.
Bulla Sacrae Cruciatae. See Crusade, Bull of
THE.
Bullaker, Thomas (or John Baptist), Vener- able, Friar Minor and English martyr, b. at Chi- chester about the year 1604; d. at Tyburn, 12 Oc- tober, 1642. He was the only son of a pious and well-to-do physician of Chichester. His parents were both fervent Catholics, and, following their example, Bullaker grew up in the ways of innocence and piety. At an early age he was sent to the English College at St-Omer, and from there he went to Valladolid in Spain to complete his studies. Convinced of his vo- cation to the Franciscan Order, after much anxious deliberation, he received the habit at Abrojo, and a few years later, in 1628, was ordained priest. Having left Spain to labour on the English mission, he landed at Plymouth, but was immediately seized and cast into prison. Liberated after two weeks from the loathsome dungeon where he had suffered the most untoward hard- ships, Bullaker, by order of Father Thomas of St. Francis, then Provincial in Eng- land, laboured for nearly twelve years with much zeal and devoted- ness among the poor Catholics of London. On the 11th of Septem- ber. 1642, Bulla- ker was seized while celebrating the Holy Sacrifice in the house of a pious benefactress. He has left a partial, but touching, account of his apprehension and trial. He was con- demned to be drawn on a hurdle to Tyburn and there hanged, cut down alive, quartered and beheaded. It is related that as he was going out of prison he met Ven. Arthur Bell, a religious of his own order, who said to him: "Brother, I was professed before you. Why do you take precedence of me?" Bullaker answered: "It is the will of God. But you will follow me". Bell remembered the prophetic words of the pious Bullaker when his own day of martyrdom was at hand. The cause of the beatification of Bullaker was introduced in Rome in 1900.
Thadpeus. The Franciscans in England (London, 1898). in. 62, 63, 67; xv, 205, 206; Stone, Faithful unto Death (London, 1892), vii, 132-150; Mason (Angeh s a S. Fris Certamen Seraphwum (2d ed., Quaracchi, 1885), 35-68; Ortolani. De eausi-s bcatorum et sereorum Del ord. min. (Qua- racchi, 1905), 14.
Stephen M. Donovan.
Bullarium is a term commonly applied to a col- lection of bulls and other analogous papal docu- ments, whether the scope of the collection lie quite general in character, or whether it he limited to the bulls connected with any particular order, or in- stitution, or locality. The name biillariii/n seems to
have been invented by the canonist Laertius Cheru-
bini who in 1586 published under the title " Bullarium. sive Collectio diversarum Constitutionum multorum Pontificum" a large folio volume of 1404 pages con-
Empf.ror Charles IV
