CHILIASM
663
CHINA
The bloody engagement at I>a Placilla. in August of
that year, ensured the triumph of the constitutional
party. Since then, there have been no internal
troubles. Chile has had several foreign wars. In
[839 the Chilian army was called to the aid of the
Bolivian and Peruvian opponents of the "Protector"
Santa Cruz, who attempted to enforce a union be-
tween Peru and Bolivia. Tiie Chilians and their
allies from Peru achieved a complete victory at Yun-
gay, January. 1839, and the Chilian flag was displayed
in Northern Peru. In 1866 a difficulty arose with
Spain that brought about the bombardment of Val-
paraiso by a Spanish squadron. Finally war broke
out between Chile and Bolivia, afterwards also with
Peru, in the course of which the Chilian forces de-
stroyed the Peruvian navy, penetrated victoriously
as near Central Bolivia as Puno, occupied the whole
of the Peruvian coast after severe campaigning, and
even reached Cajamarca in Northern Peru. As a re-
sult of this long and serious contest (in which Lima
was taken after several bloody engagements) Chile
obtained possession of the maritime provinces of Bo-
livia and the Peruvian department of Tacna. A
truce, which has not yet been converted into a formal
treaty of peace, was made in 1S84, putting an end to
these hostilities.
For works on the anthropology of Chile, see article Aimi - can) \xs. The natural history [and also the anthropology) of Chile icis been the subject of exhaustive treatment by Ct.acoio Gat, Hietoria Fisica ■/ Politico de Chile (Paris ami Santiago lsll is.'.] i. In the V crhandlungen des deulschm wissctiscfnif(- lichtn Vcriins (Santiago), much valuable material is found, illy by Philxpf] ami R. Lenz. The very numerous offi- cial publications of the Chilian Government afford a great wealth .'ondensed in the publications "l the
Bureau of Ambbxcan Republics, at Washington; in the
'.-'I Ol \ i LTZAR. Lr 1 'Inli dr ji,,s >..i/r.1, in Antnnnn
Paris, 1906 Of KSPJNOXA, GiroQrnfia di >:. r/ /.' nn d, Ui 'Utiago, 1897), of ENRIQUE DB SlLVA,
. bibltografia hist&rica y geoardfica de Chile
"<>. l'.M)2), and of several others. For the history of Chile the tw«. very important collections. Historiadoree primu tin!', begun by Babbos Arana, and the Documentor in-di/os pnm In htetoria </' Chile, must be consulted, since they contain most, if not all, of the older literature on the country and its inhabitants. To these must be added BABROS Arana, Ii i hili (Santiago, lss| ]ss.Vi; also. Docu-
':<!.>:; La 1'mrin I r.al.iirg, 1895).
Ad. F. Bandei.ieh.
Chiliasm, Chiliasts. See Millennium.
Chimalpain, Domingo (San Anton y Munon), a Mexican Indian of the second half of the sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth centuries, who received B lib) ral 'ducat ion in the colleges for Indians oi Mexico City under the direction of the clergy. His Family having acquired some wealth, he undertook the investigation of the antiquities of his race, and
wrote several works in Spanish and Nahuatl, 01 f
which was published by Bustamante as the chronicle of Gomara, of which it appears to he either a copy or a paraphrase. I ie is credited with the following hooks, although it is not yet certain how far the attribution of an! horshipis correct : " Historiamexicana ant igua " ; "Cr6nica de Mexico desde el ano 106N hasta el do 1597"; " Ipuntamientos de sucesos desde 1064 hasta 1521"; "Relaciones originales de los Reinos de Aculhuacan, Mexico, See.": " Relaci6n de la Conquista de Mexico por los Espafioles".
Madrid. 1746); Leon y 1 Epilomr 4c. (Madrid, 173a 1738); Clavioebo, Sturm del Mt8*ico (Cescna, 17S0); Beristain, Bxbliotrca Ac. I 1 meca, 1883); Bbxnton, Aboriginal Authors; Auoum Vktancurt, Teatro mexieemo (Mexico, 1698 and 1870). An. F. P. am
China. — The Chinese Empire, the largest political division of Eastern A-ia, extends from 18° Hi' to 53° I.V \. lat., and from 73° 47' to 131° 2.-,' K. long. It includes china proper or the Eighteen Piw inces (Shi- pa sheng), theoretically a subject territory of -Man- churia, the cradle of the present dynasty, and the dependencies: Mongolia, Hi (or Sin-kiang), and Tibet. Its boundaries are on the north, Siberia; west, Rus-
sian Turkestan; south, British India; south-east,
Burma and Tong-king; east, the Pacific Ocean;
north-east, Korea. This article is concerned only
with China proper.
Area and Population. — Roughly speaking, the Eighteen Provinces occupy neatly one-third of the surface of the empire. The area of China proper is es- timated in round numbers at 2,000,000 square miles: l'cre Richard gives 1,532,800 square miles. The length is 1860, the breadth 1520, miles. According to the official trade returns for 1900, the estimated population of China was 438,214,000, which includes that of Feng-tien (Manchurian province, 16,000,000). The "Almanach de Gotha" (1904) and the "States- man's Year-Book" (1905) give for the Eighteen Provinces 319,510,000 and 407,335,305 respectively, but the Hon. W. W. Roekhill in a careful study (Smithson. Miscel. Col., quart, issue 47, part III) gives so low a figure as 270,000,000. The popula- tion at various epochs is as follows: in 13110, 60,545,- 812; in 1500, 53.281,153; in 1019, G0,G92.S56; time of Macartnev. 333.O0U.000; in 1S42, 119.1,00.000; in 1894, 421.800.000.
Names. — The Chinese called their empire Cluing Kwo (Middle Kingdom"), a name first applied to Ho-nan, the country of the Chou dynasty; a China- man is designated Chung-kiro-jcn or man of the Middle Kingdom; in diplomacy China is Tarts'ing Kwo (the great empire of Ts'ing, the present dy- nasty), as it was formerly Ta Ming Kwo (the great empire of Ming). In literature it is called T'ien Ilia (Under Heaven), See Hai [the four (surrounding) seas], Chung Hwa Kwo (the Middle Flowery King- dom); some names refer to celebrated dynasties, Hwa Hid (glorious Hia), Han-jen or Han-tze (men or sons of Han), T'ang-jen or T'ang-shan (men or mountains of T'ang).
The Arabs called China Sin, Chin, Mahachin, Ma- chin. The Sinw and Seres of Ptolemy and other clas- sic writers probably represent the Chinese. In the Middle Ages, Europeans made a distinction between Northern (Cathay) and Southern (Man/ii China. It is probable that the name China, from the Ts'in dynasty (third century b. a), reached the West by way of Burma and India.
Physical Features. — Coast and Islands. — The Pacific Ocean bears several nanus; to the south it is called Xan-hai. or South china) Sea, farther up the coast, Tung-hai, or Eastern Sea, ami Hwang hai, or Yellow Sea. The coast forms a semicircle, the islands of the Che-kiang province (123° E. long. Greenwich), extending farthest east; to the north is the Gulf of Chi-li and Shan-tung Penin ilia to the south the Gulf of Tong-king, the Island of llai-nan, and Lei-chou Peninsula. There are also
the Gulf of Liao-tung, Miao tao [slandi . the Chusan Archipelago, with Tmg-hai and the celebrated pil- grimage of P'u-tu, the islands of Amoy. Sam sa. II ii i 'an, Kin-men, T'ung-shan, Tai-wan of Formosa
Japanese); Xan-hai, Mirs Bay iTa-p'ong-hai),
Eiiang-kiang (Hong-Kong). Lappa, and Kwang-chou
Bays: the islands of Xanioa. Hong-Kong, l.an Ian, l.amma Archipelago, the Ladrones (Lao-wan-chan), the Chw'an Islands (Shang-chw'an, also called San- cian "i St. John's, where St. Francis Xavier died in
1552), llla-eh'wan. and the I'araooK iT.'i chou). The first beacon light was kindled al the mouth of
tin' Yang-tze in 1855; the first lighthouse was
i ni Od on tic island of Kung-tung, near Che-fu, in
1867. In 1907 the o U of China had L16
lighthouses, 5 lightships, 24 ughtboats, 137 buoys, I lo beacons, 392 in all.
Hirers. — The chief river is tin- Yang tze, called simply Ta-kiang (Croat Diver) or Kiang (River);
as far as the Sze-ch'wan bend it is called Kin she
kiano; its general course is from mil its
length about 4000 noli-. [1 navigable from the
