CHINA
675
CHINA
been aroused. Caspar da Cruz wrote a book entitled
"Tractado . . . da China" (1569). The Domin-
ican mission was created in 1631 and 1633 in the Fu-
kien province by Angelo Coqui and Thomas Serra.
The well-known Dominican, Juan Bautista de
Moralez (b. at Ecija, Spain, 1597; d. in Fu-kien, 17
Sep) 1664), who took an energetic part in the ques-
tion of the Rites, arrived in 1637. In 1747 the
Dominican Bishop Sanz, of Maurocastrum. was
martyred with Fathers Alcobar, Royo, Diaz, and
Bishop Francisco Serrano. Francisco Varo (Wan
Tsi-kwo), who arrived in China in 1(3.54, published
the "Arte de la lehgua mandarina" (Canton, 1703),
which was the basis of Fourmont's "Grammatica
Duplex". Beginning in 1866, the Dominicans
printed for many years at Manila " El Correo Sino-
Annamita, which embodied the letters from their
missionaries in China, 1"' rmosa, and Tong-king. The
Dominicans have but two vicariates in China: Fu-
kien and Amoy (the latter embracing Formosa), the
Philippine Islands being the centre of their activity.
Franciscans. — In 1.579, Pedro d'Alfaro, Guardian of
the province of St. Joseph, in the Philippine Islands,
with Giovanni Battista of Pesaro. Sebastian de Baera
(or of Saint Francis ) , and Agustfn de Tordesillas, made
a stay of seven months in China, but the first Fran-
ciscan with a special mission to China was Antonio de
Santa Maria (Li, b. at Baltanas, Palencia, Spain;
Canton, 13 May. 1669), who was sent to China
in May, 1633, and took an active part in the dis-
cussion over the Kites. Among the most remark-
able of these friars, should be mentioned Basilio
Brollo, letter known as Basile de Glemona (Ye
T'sung-hien, b. at Gemona, Italy, 25 March, 1648;
d. in the Shen-si province, 13 August, 1703), who
went to China in 1680, became Vicar Apostolic of
Shen-si in 1700; compiler of the Chinese-Latin dic-
tionary " Han-se-tze-yi ". copied by De Guignes in his
great work published in Paris in 1S13, by order of
Napi >leon I. Also Carlo Orazio Castorano (eighteenth
century), author of many works. Most of the Fran-
ciscans of China are Italian, though Eastern Shan-
tung was made a separate vicariate Apostolic in
1894, lor French Friars Minor.
Augustinians. — In 1.577 two Spanish Augustinians, Pedro Martin de Ilerrada and (leronimo Marin, came to Fu-kicn. where they remained but four months and sixteen days. The first general work on China was written by the Augustinian Juan Gonzalez de Men- doea (Home, 1.5S.5) and translated into most lan- guages. It was not till 1680 that Alvaro de Bene- vente arrived in China; lie was consecrated titular Bishop of Ascalon and placed at the head of the newly I Vicariate of Kiang-si (1699), with his resi- dence at Kan-chou. He died suddenly at Macao in 170.5 anil was not replaced, the Vicars Apostolic of Fu-kien taking charge also of Kiang-si and Che- kiang. The Augustinians had been absent from China i> time. when, in 1X79, they sent from Manila I .lias S Vjustin Yillanueva to take charge
ot put of Bu-nan, which on 19 Sept. was erected into a vicariate under Saturnin de la Torre.
14 Etrangbres. The creat ion in
1622 oi the i gatbo de Propaganda Fidi
made it possible to centralize the work of missions in order thai their wants might be studied and their field of action broadened. No apostle was more eager than Alexandre de Rhodes, S. J. (I). at Avig- non, 15 March, 1591; d at Ispahan, 5 Nov., 1660 in appealing to Rome to make known the want of priests for the numerous missions. He had thoroughly studied the d travelled extensively in
China. Tong-king. and Persia. Pope Innocent X wished to consecrate Pere de Rhodes bishop, but through modesty the missionary de- clined this honour. His reward was to consist in the success of the cause he so warmly advocated.
On 7 August, 10.51. Propaganda begged the pope
to appoint a patriarch, two or three archbishops,
and twelve bishop', lo I lie various churches ol
Eastern Asia. By a Brief of 17 August, 1658,
Alexander VII nominated Francois l'allu. Canon
of St. Martin of Tours, and titular Bishop of Heliopolis,
and Pierre de la Motto Lambert, titular Bishop of
Berytus, to take charge of the missions of China
and the neighbouring countries, with the powei
of choosing a third vicar Apostolic. Their choice
fell on Cotolendi, vicar of Sainte-Madeleine at . Vix-
en-Provence. The vicars Apostolic asked Propa-
ganda for authority to found a seminary for the
conversion of infidels and the training of mission-
aries. Jean Duval, in religion Dom Bernard of Si.
Teresa, a Barefooted Carmelite, Vicar Apostolic >i
Persia and titular Bishop of Babylon, donated a
suitable site in Paris (16 March, 1663), and the
directors took possession 271 »ct., 166 I. This was t In-
beginning of the Societedcs Missions F.I rangeres. The
first superiors were Vincent de Meurs of Treguier
(1664-6S) and Michel Gazil of Tours (1668 70). fhe
first directors were Michel Gazil id. 14 Jan.. 1697),
and Armand Poitevin (d. 1682). Pierre de la Motte
Lambert and Jacques de Bourges were the first
missionaries who left Paris. The first departure from
the Paris seminary took place 8 Nov., 166.5. The mis-
sionaries embarked at La Itochelle, 14 March, 1666.
The Missions Etrangeres had priests at, Nan-king
(Cotolendi died on the journey; Laneau, who resided
at Siam); in the province of Fu-kien (Pallu, 1679-84;
Charles Maigrot, 1697-1707); in the province of Sze-
ch'wan (Artus de Lyonne, 1697-1713); in the pro-
vince of Vun-nan (Philibert le Blanc, 1697; Enjobert
de Martillat, 1727-52). Notwithstanding the hos-
tility of Portugal, the Missions Etrangeres continued
to flourish, and to-day they are spread over a great
portion of the Chinese Empire, besides having mis-
sions in Japan. Tong-king, Cochin-China, "" Cam-
bodia, Siam. Malacca. Burma, and India. There is
a procurator at Hong-Kong and one at Shanghai, and
a sanatorium (Bethanie) at Hong-Kong. In t la-
island of Hong-Kong the society conducts a printing
office at Pokfulum, called "Imprimerie de Nazareth ,
where books are issued not only in French and Latin,
but also in Chinese, Annamite, Japanese. Korean.
Cambodian, Bahnar, Malay, and Tibetan. Tin-
priests of the Missions Ft rangeres have made a special
study of languages and have published the following
dictionaries: Pigneaux and Taberd, "Diet. Anamito
Latinum" (Serampore, 1833); Taberd, " Diet. Latino
Anamiticum" (Serampore, 1838); "Vocabulaire
Cochinchinois" (1838); Theurel, "Diet. Anamitico-
Latinum" (Ninhnphu, 1877); Ravier, "Diet. I.atino-
Anamiticum" (Ninh-phu, 1880); Pallegoix, "Diet,
linguae Thai" (Paris. ] s.5 1) ; "Diet. coreen-francais"
(Yokohama, 1880); "Diet, chinoi dialect
of Western China, Hong-Kong, 1893); Dourisboure,
" Diet, bahnar-francais" (Hong-Kong, 1889); Di godins, " Diet, thib&ain-latin-francai Hong-Kong, 1899). LazarisU (Cong. 1// sionis). The first Las
were sent to China by Propaganda : l.uigi \ iii oiiio \p- piani (Pie),Johann Mullener(Mo) in 1699, T. Pedrini 1 le in I , in. _ \ | -p ini,22 March. [663;
d. 29 Aug.. 1732), was vice-visitor in China. Mullener (b. at Bremen, I Oct., L673; d. 17 Dec, L742), titu- lar Bishop of Myriopons, h i
tolic of Sze-ch'wan Pedrini (born at Fenno, Italy; d. at Peking. It) Dec., 1716) took a very active part in the discussion over the Bites. Howeverit was not
until they rep] \i Peking, that t he
LazaristS got a linn footing in China. When the Society of JesUS was suppressed by I 'lenient XTV, the offer of the succession was declined by the \li Etrangeres of Paris, ami was finally accepted, though not without reluctance, by the I con*
