CHINA
679
CHINA
SM-JWao)workei I Ihinese whs Joshua Marsh-
man, though he did not go to China, his labours being carried cm in Bengal, at Serampore, where he died 7 Dec, 1837. Thi actual founderof the Prot- estant Missions to the I hinese was Robert Morrison (Ma Li-sun), born of Scottish parents at Buller's Green, in Northumberland. 5 Jan., 1782; he entered
the London Missionary Societj in L805, i imenced
tin- study of Chinese in London with a Chinaman, Yong Sam-tak, and on 31 Jan . I 807 he embarked for China via America. On I Sept.. he reached -Macau,
whence he pro :dc 1 to Canton, where he died, 1 Aug.,
1S34. He published many works in Chinese and English, the bes( known of which is "A Dictionary of the Chinese Language", published at Macao at the press of the East India Co. (1815-23). Morrison was followed by William Milne (b. 1785; d. 2 June, 1822), principal of the \a-' . . hinese < lollege of Malacca and Walter Henry Medhurst b. 29 April. 1796; d. -'1 Jan., 1857). In 1827 Karl Friedrich Giitzlaff (b. at Pyritz, Prussia, 8 J d. at Hong-Kong, 9
Aug.. 1851) was sent to China by the Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap. On 19 Feb., 1830, Elijah ( oleman Bridgman b. 22 April, 1801, at Belchertown, Mass.; d. '_' Nov., 1861> arrived, the first agent of the \meriean Board of Commissioners for Foreign .Missions. Then cami 1834) William Dean, for the American Baptist Missionary Union; Henry Lock-
w 1 1835) for the Board of Foreign Missions of the
Pro1 tant Episi ial Ch irch in the [Jnited States; < i. Tradescant Lay (1836), for the British and Foreign Bible Society; Edward B. Squire (1836) for the Church Missionary Society. In lsi7 the German ind the Rhine sent representatives. The China Inland Mission which is still in full vigour irted in 1862 by James Meadows. During the last few years American and Scandinavian missions have great ly increased.
Among the more noteworthy of Protestant mis- sionaries not already named, the following may be mentioned; Americans: David Vbeel (b. New Bruns- wick, N. J., 12 June, L804; d. 1 Sept., 1846) ; S. W. b 8 M i-'li. 1815, at Ni I • 'mm.;
d. 27 July, 1864); William Jones B le (d. 17 .Inly,
the first missionary bishop; Justus Doolittle rune, 1824; d. 15 June, 1880); W. A. P. Mar- tin, late President of the Peking University; Peter Parker (b. 1804; d. 10 Jan., 1888), at one time Ameri- can Minister to China ; Samuel Wells Williams b. at
I'lica, X. V.. 22 Sept., 1812; d. 16 Feb., 1884, at New Haven I of American sinologists, at one
time U. s. Charge 1 d'Affaires at Peking and towards the end of his life, Professor of Chinese at Yale T'ni- versitv. British: Carstairs Douglas b. 27 Dec, 1820; d. at Amoy, 20 July. 1877); Joseph Edkina (d. 23 April. 1905), the author of innumerable books and papers on China; Griffith John (b. 1831); Ja
b. at lluntlv. Aberdeenshire, 20 Dec, 1815; d. 29 N i great Scholar, and translator of
the Chi Arthur Evans Moule arrived in
China in 1861); J. Hudson Taylor (b. 21 May, 1832; d.
1905), who gave a great impulse to thi I
Missi m: Alexander W ylie (b. 6 April, 1815;
i., 1887), bibliographer and historian; the German, Ernst Faber (b. 25 April, 1839; d. 26 Sept., the Swede, Th. Hamberg d. 13 May, 1854 i. Medii including the establishmi
general and ophthalmic hospitals have no doubt greatly helped to di
were :i I q] ... but
now they have spread into the interior of the country, mainly through the medium ol the china Inland
losing 188 members 100
omen, 56 Suede-. :;_' Americans): in Shan-si
and beyond (159), Chi-li (17), Che-kiang (11), and
Shan-tung (1). These provinces belonged mainly to
the China Inland Mission, the christian and Mis-
sionary Alliance, the American Board, etc. At
various times no less than 111 societies have had
representatives in China, more than half having
begun their work betwei n 1 887 and 1907. In Is7n
there were 29 societies working in China, which by
1906 had risen to 82. fne question of Rites ha
raised among the Protestant missionaries under the
name of the "Term Question", because of the lack of
unity in the choit f a term to express the Deity:
Shin, T'ien-shin, T'ienrcku, etc. being proposed. Shang-H seems to meel the approval of the majority. The Bible or portions of the Bible have been trans- lated under the auspices of the three Bible societies, British and Foreign, American, and the National Society of Scotland, into the following dialects: Man- darin. Fu-chou, Canton. Shanghai, Su-chou, Ilakka, Swatow (printed in Chinese characters : Ning ; chou, Amoy, Mandarin, Kien-ning, T'ai-chou, Shang- hai, Ilakka, Swatow, Hai-nan, Hing-hwa, Wen-chou, Kien-yang, Canton, Peking, Shan-tung, Su-chou (in Roman characters). In 1000 the publications of the ( 'hinese agencies of the three Bible societies amounted to 1,523,930 copies of the whole Bible or port ions there- of (991,300 in Mandarin, 291,900 in simple Wen-li, 187,000 in classical Chinese, etc). The well-known periodical " The Chim >rv" was edited from
May. 1832 to Dec, 1851 (20 vols.), at I anton, by two American missionaries, E. C. Bridgman and his suc- cessor, S. W. Williams. The "Chinese Recorder", started in May, 1868, at Fu-chou by the Rev. S. L. Baldwin has been conducted at Shanghai since January, 1S74. On the 1 January, ran::, according to "The Encyclopedia of Missions" i Dwight, Tupper, and Bliss i, Protestant missions in China [including Manchuria) included 2708 foreign missionaries. 7)7(10
native workers, 3316 places of religious worship, 1570
elementary schools, 129 high schools. 138 hospital
dispensaries, 24 printing establishments, 144,237 professing Christians. According to the "Shanghai Mercury the number of foreign workers (men and women), which in 1876 had been 173, was on -il Dee., 1907, 3833; the total number of baptized christians and catechumens being 256,779.
Russian Ecclesiastical Mission. — This mission was begun by thirty-one Russians, made prisoners at the time of the first siege of Albasinl 7. Inly. 1684), and taken to Peking with the "Pope" Maxim I.eontielT. The firs* mission was started in 171o by I lie Archi- mandrite Ililarion. accompanied by a "pope" and a deacon; the mission is first mentioned in a diplomatic document, Article 5 of the treaty signed in 1727 by Count Yladislavitch; the"po] tied to make
converts; they simply acted as chaplains to the Alba sin refugees and later also to the Russian embassy. Between 1852 and 1866 the members of this m issued four volumes of memoirs relating to various Chinese subjects; twocfthe "popes" lis.
in Chinese studies, Father Yakiuf Bichurin and Archimandrite Palladius, compili c of a very valuable
dictionary. The Russian mission suffered much
during the Boxer rebellion, and its valuable library
-• yed.
Jews in < 'hina. -The first mention of Jews {Tiao-
kin-kuto) in China is found in the records of the Jesuit
missionaries of Peking. \t the beginning of the
eenth century a young Israelite, Ngai, on
paying a visit (1605) to Matteo Ricci, declared that
'!_' at t he mission a
picture representing the Virgin with the Child Jesus,
he believed ll Jacob. He
i ited that he came from K'ai-feng, the capital of Ilo-nan. where his brethren resided. However, the
oi Mohamn had been mentioned under the name of Chu-hu in the Chinese Annals (Ywm-shi) of 1329, for the
