CHINESE
688
CHINOOKS
Treaties between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers
(Slringhni ls77); GiLCfl, .4 Glossary of References on Sidijccts
i, the Far Fast (Hong-Kong, 1886); Yule, Hob-
. .t .. I ondon, 18S6).
Iiiij t hznbbb People and Language. — Legendre, Deux anniesau Setchouen (Paris. 1906, xliv, 433-74); Smith, Chinese i /, ., :■ V-w ^ ■ .r k . I'.mi; ; l)ori;i.AS, S,ict,ty ut 'hum
(London, 1895); Bard, Les chinois chez eux (Paris, 1900); KlONG, Politesse chinoise (Shanghai, 1906); Hoang, Le mariage chinois (Shanghai. 1898); Vial. L'espril et le coeur chezles Lolos in An- nalesdes Missions-Etrangires (Paris, 190.i); J29sq.; Ca VALERIE, Chezles Chouy-kia, Ibid. (1889), 101-07; Idem, Lee Miaotseetles tchongkia. Ibid. (1904), 332-57; Lietard. Les A-Dje et les Lou- Ou, Ibid. (1904), 74 sq.; Jeremiassen, Loi Atotrigines of Hainan and their Speech in China Rev.. XX, 296-305; Gilman, The Aborigines of Hainan. Ibid., XXV, 247-51; Sch.effer, The Lois or Aborigines of Hainan in East of Asia Magazine (1904), III, 46-50; Colquhoun and Stewart-Lockhart, The Abo- rigines of Formosa in China Review, XIII, 200-07; Watters, Essays on the Chinese Language (Shanghai, 18S9); Williams, Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language (Shanghai ); Vol- piceli.i, Chinese Phonology (Shanghai, 1896); Min.LENDORF, Classification of the Chinese Dialects (Shanghai, 1896); Doug- hs rhino (London. 1S82), xviii. xix, 330-400; De Harlez. Le Yih-king (Paris, 1S90); Legge, The Chinese Classics with Critical and Eiegetical Notes (Oxford, 1893); Jennings, The Shv-king, or Old, Poetry Classic of the Chinese (London, 1891); Zottoli, Cursus Litteraturee Sinietr (Shanghai. 1879 — ); PlRT, Manuel de la lanffue Mandarine (Shanghai. 1895); CouvREUR, Diet, classiquc de la langue chinoise (Ho-kien-fu, 1904); Idem, Guide to Conversation in French, English and Chinese (Ho-kien- fu, I906i.
Government. — Hoang, Melanges sur V administration: Variitcs Sinologiques (Shanghai, 1902); Douglas, Society in China (London, 1895). i, 1-31, ii, 32-63; Boulger, .4 Short History of China (London. 1893), xxii, 356-73; Colquhoun, China in Transformation (London, 1898), vii, 167-98; Parker, China, her History, Diplomacy and Commerce (London, 1901), viii, 161— SI; Idem, China Past and Present (London, 1903), IV, 12S-5S, VI, 223-52; Smith, China from Within (London, 1001 ) , ii, 7-16, vi, 45-59; Jernigan, China's Business Methods and Policy (Shanghai, 1904); Idem, China in Law and Com- merce (New York, 1905); Leroy-Beaulieu, The Awakening of the East (London, 1900).
Education. — Zl, Pratique des examens littiraires (Shanghai. 1S94); Idem. Pratique des examens militates (Shanghai, 18961; Tobar, La reforme des etudes en Chine in Etudes, 5 Dec, 1903; Parker, John Chinaman (London, 1901), ix, 197-200; Idem, Educational Curriculum of the Chinese in China Rev., IX, 1-13; D'Ollone, La Chine novatrice et ouerriere (Paris, 1906), ii, 162-08, 280-84; Martin, Chinese Education, Philosophy and Letters (New York. 1898); Gee, The Educational Directory for China (Shanghai, 1905).
Religions. — De Harlez, Les religions de la Chine (Leipzig, 1891); Godard, Les crnyances chinoises et faponaises (Paris, 1901); De Groot, The Religious System of China (Leyden, Amsterdam, 1894-1904); Hampden, Dragon, Image and Demon (New York, 1887); Stanley, China from Within (London, 1901), ch. xii, 172-S9; Cornaby, China under the Searchlight (London, 1901). ch. ix; Parker, China Past and Present (London, 1905), iii, 80-127.
Missions. — Neve, Etablissemenl et destruction de la pre- miere chrcticnte en Chine (Louvain, 1846); Dabry de Thier- sant, Le catholicisme en Chine au VlII e siicle (Paris, 1877); D'Ollone, La Chine novairice et guerriire (Paris, 1906), iii, 112-14, vi, 132-53; Rohrbacher, Hist. univ. de I'eglise cath. (Paris. 1857), X, 179-84. XI, 61-73; Parker. The Earliest Chrt 'miilty in China in Dublin Rev. I 19112 t, 380- 101; Idem. China and Religion (London, 1905), vi, 120-38, ix, 178-208; Henrion, Hist, ginirale <lcs missions cath. depuis le XIII e siicle jusyu'ii nos fours (Paris, 1847); Yule, The Hook of Marco Polo the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the Fast (London, 1875); Cordier, Les voyages en Asie au XIV siicle d„ B. Frerc Odnric de Pordemme (Paris, 1891); Hue, Le Chris- 's,- en Chine, en Tartaric et au Tibet (Paris. 1857-58), tr. Hazi.itt (London. 1857, New York, 18S7); Marshall, Chris- tina Missions, Their Agents, Methods and Results (London, 1862 Cordier, Relations de la Chine avec les puissances , , l Paris, 1901); Parker. The Preaching of the Gospel
, in China Her. (1889i, Vol. XVIII, 152-77; Fink,
'Hi, Sicawei Observatory in East of Asia Magazine (1902), I, '. ■" .., Kannengeiser, Missions cath. (Paris, 1900); Edkins, Religion in China (London, 1905). xiv. 166 77; Roy, Hist.
mis .ions ruth it, puis le AT* slide jusqu'ii nos jours (Tours. 18".,",!; PlOLBT, Les missions cath. franchises (Paris, 19011, III; LorvET, Les missions cath. au XIXe siicle (Lille, Paris, 1895), \ii, 215-34; Victor Bernardin
DE Roi tx. Hit nuns des missions friincisc, lines (Paris, 189S), I, II; Lai-nay, Hist, de la Sociele des Missions-Etrangires
la mission dit hotintj st t I'aris. l',l(i:i ' ;
Keyn\ ' tuna (Dublin, 1897); Leroy, En Chine,
ns f.ii. i s h\ (Lin,., 1900); Palatre. La mission du Kiano-
.• teres (Paris, 1900); Casartelli, Calh-
14 'I Lon, 1891): Fauvel, Nos missionaires,
patriot, s ,/ stirarttis (Paris. 1900); Mli-nln, Political Obstacles
in China (Hong-Kong, 1901).
1 ' v, Hist, du royaume de Tch'ou (Ch'u
State, i< c. 1122 223i (Shanghai, 1903); Idem, Hist, du roy-
aumede Ts-m i / ,„ State H c. .'"•:<-.'»;) in Rev. del' Extreme-
■■■I Echo de Chine (1901 05); Tf.hrien de
i-.l, II Hi .."ii of Hit Early I'lti, .
(Lon, i,,n. i8ii , Bawkb Pott, 1 Sketch of Chinese History
(Shanghai, 1903); Cordier, L' expedition de Chine de 1SS7-5S
(Paris, 1905); Idem, V expedition de Chine de 1SG0 (Paris,
1906); Boulger, The Life of Gordon (London, 1896); D'An-
thouard, Les Boxcars (Paris, 1902); Monnier, Le drame
chinois (Juillet-Aoid, 1900) (Paris, 1900) ; Colquhoun, China in
Transformation (London, i89S).
Foreign Relations, — Cordier, La France en Chine au XVIII' siicle (Paris, 1883); Idem. Centenaire de Marco Polo (Paris, 1896); Idem, Hist, des relations de la Chine avec les puissances occitlenttilcs (1S60-1902) (Paris, 1903); Parker, China's Intercourse with Europe (London, 1S90); Montalto DE Jesus, Historic Macao (Hong-Kong, 1902); Krausse, The Far East (London, 1903). ii, 15-34, iii. 35-57; McCar- thy, The Coming Poicer: A Contemporary History of the Far East (IS'jS-lM-i) (London. 1906); Norman. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East (London. 1895); Curzon, Problems of the Far East (London, 1896). ix, 260-310. xiv, 413-28.
Trade and Customs. — Edkins, The Revenue and Taxation of the Chinese Empire (Shanghai, 1903); Hosie, Foreign Trade of China for the Years 190!,-W0c (Foreign Office, 1906); Cordier, Les douanes imperiales marilimes chinoises. Les origiiies et le fit reloppement (T'ung-pao, 1906); Parker, Chinese Revenue (N. C. B. R. A. Soc. 1895); Idem, China, her History, Diplomacy and Commerce (London. 1901), x. 195- 208. xi, 209-26. xii. 227-43; Dyer, Things Chinese (Shanghai, 1903).
Henri Cordier.
Chinese Rites. See China; Ricci, Matteo.
Chinooks, an aboriginal tribe of the extreme north- west of the United States, which might be adduced as an instance of the baneful effects of our civilization on a people not prepared for it by the influence of religion. Iw. habitat was the basin of the lower Co- lumbia, from the Dalles to its mouth, except a small area of land on the south bank of the river occupied by a Deii<; tribe. The family was divided into the Lower and the Upper Chinooks, and they all lived in large houses of wood, each containing several families and forming villages situated, as a rule, on the north side of the Columbia and Willamette rivers. Each village was presided over by a chief, who was independent of all outside influence. A few of these head men attained wealth and enjoyed a consideration unusual among savages. The most prominent of them wit bin historical times was Comcomly, who received the Lewis and Clarke expedition. According to Father De Smet, this man, when at the height of his power, was preceded by 300 slaves whenever he visited Fort Vancouver, "and he used to carpet the ground that he had to traverse, from the main entrance of the fort to the governor's door, several hundred feet, with beaver and otter skins" (Chittenden and Richardson, Life, Letters, and Travels of Father Pierre Jean De Smet, New York, 190.5, II, 443). The staple food of the Chinooks was salmon, with a few roots and ber- ries. These people were great traders and, as most maritime races, they used to barter with the interior tribes the objects obtained from white skippers. It seems that even before the advent of the whites on their coast, they were famous for their commercial excursions, which they accomplished in their beauti- ful high-prowed canoes, reaching as far as Nootka Sound, on Vancouver Island. A stray member of the tribe has been met in the very centre of British Columbia and another at Wrangel, Alaska. These expeditions, bringing into contact, people of differ- ent tongues, called for a means of communication which was provided in the shape of a jargon originally made up of Chinook anil Xootkan words more or less disfigured according to the nationality of the speaker.
To this was added, after the coming of the whites, a considerable number of French anil English terms, until it became an intertribal idiom of the greatest use to trader anil missionary alike.
The Chinooks were somewhat taller than the gen- erality of the coast tribes. They were universally addicted to the custom of deforming the heads oi their infants, through the agency of a board secured to the top of the cradle and pressing down the lore- head and occiput. Their character was none of the best. Proud and haughty, their notions of honesty. at least as applied to their relations with strangers.
