CHIPPEWA
690
CHIUSI-PIENZA
Chippewa Indians, the largest and most important
tribe north of Mexico, numbering some 30,000 souls,
about equally divided between the United States
and Canada. The popular name is a corruption of
Ojibwa, a name of uncertain etymology, but gener-
ally supposed to refer to the "puckered up" appear-
ance of the seam along the front of the tribal moc-
casin. They call themselves Anishinabag, "original
men", and on account of having formerly had their
principal residence at Sault Sainte Marie, at the out-
let of Lake Superior, they were known to the French
as Saulteurs. The Ojibwa belong to the great Algon-
quian stock and are closely related to the Ottawa and
the Cree. According to their own tradition they
came from the east, advancing along the Great Lakes
and had their first settlement in their present country
at Sault Sainte Marie and at Shaugawaumikong
(French Chegoimegon^ on the southern shore of Lake
Superior, about the present Lapointe or Bayfield,
Wisconsin. Their first mention in history occurs in
the "Jesuit Relation" for 1640. Through their
friendship with the French traders they were able to
procure guns and thus to prosecute most successfully
their hereditary wars with the Sioux and Foxes on
their west and south, with such result that the Sioux
were driven out from the U/pper Mississippi region,
and the Foxes forced down from Northern Wisconsin
and compelled to confederate with the Sauk. By
the end of the eighteenth century the Ojibwa were
the almost unchallenged owners of nearly all of the
present Michigan, Northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota,
including most of the Red River country and west-
ward to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, to-
gether with the entire northern shores and drainage
of Lakes Huron and Superior on the Canadian side.
They have never been removed as have been so many
other tribes, but by successive t reat y sales they are now
restricted to reservations within this home territory,
with the exception of a few families resident in Kansas.
Notwithstanding their importance as a tribe the Ojibwa are not prominent in colonial history, owing chiefly to their remote situation. In conjunction with the French they had greatly reduced the formi- dable Foxes early in the eighteenth century, and finally crushed them, single-handed, in a decisive battle about 1780. At a much earlier period they had turned the westward march of the conquering Iro- quois. The hereditary war with the Sioux continued until within the past half-century, in spite of repeated efforts of the Government to bring about peace. In common with most of the western tribes they were allies of the French throughout the colonial period, but joined the side of England against the Americans in the Revolution and again in 1812, being especially active in the latter war. They first entered into treaty relations with the United States in 1785.
Uthough to a certain extent a sedentary people, t he ( (jibwa were not agricultural, their country being too cold for profitable farming by the rude Indian method, but depended for subsistence upon fishing, hunting, and tin- gathering of wild rice. Their ter- ritory abounded in lakes and clear streams well stocked with fish, with vast fields of wild rice in the quieter waters. They also gathered cranberries and manufactured maple sugar, the latter being itself an Indian discovery. Their pottery was rude and un- important, but they were expert in basket and mat weaving, arid in the manipulation of birch-bark for canoes, boxes, and other purposes. Their dwellings were either rectangular, round-topped Structures of poles covered with mats or bark, or wen' T tent shape and covered usually with bark. They were murh upon the water anil were noted tor their skill in making and handling their beautiful birch I Living in a timber country they
travelled ami fought on foot, except when going by water, and had Imt lilfl" aca uaintance with cither
the buffalo or the horse. Physically and intellectu-
ally they ranked high among the tribes.
In their system of government each band was practically independent of the others, although ac- cording to their tradition it had been more central- ized in ancient times, when the tribe had dwelt within a smaller compass. They had the clan system with some twenty clans, the exact number being a matter of controversy owing to the wide dispersion of the bands. Each clan had its own special prece- dence in war, deliberation, ceremonial function, etc. They buried in the ground, leaving articles of prop- erty and food offerings at the grave, as was t he almost universal Indian custom. They had the usual multi- plicity of gods, but there were no great ceremonial tribal gatherings such as were found among the agri- cultural and the buffalo-hunting tribes, the religious and ceremonial observances being in the keeping of various societies, of which the Mide (Meda) secret society was the dominant one and preserved the sacred tribal tradition. Despite centuries of mission- ary effort these societies still flourish and the majority of the tribe continues pagan.
The mission history of the Ojibwa begins in 10G0, when tiie Jesuit Ren£ Menard established himself about Keweenaw Bay in Upper Michigan. Five years later another Jesuit, Father Claude Allouez, founded the mission of Saint-Esprit at Chegoimegon (Bayfield, Wisconsin), the principal gathering-place for all the bands south of Lake Superior. Other mis- sions were soon after begun at Sault Sainte Marie ami Mackinaw. The work continued under Jesuit auspices down nearly to the end of the eighteenth cen- tury when it was taken up by secular priests. Within the last few years a large share of the labour has again devolved upon a Jesuit worker stationed at the Sault, the only priest in Upper Michigan who knows the lan- guage. Chief among the later missionaries may be mentioned the well-known philologist, Bishop Fred- erick Baraga (q. v.), who, beginning in 1830, devoted thirty-six years of Iris life to the Ojibwa and < Ottawa, chiefly at L'Anse on Keweenaw Bay. The narrative of his career is one long record of heroic sacrifice. His great grammar and dictionary is the accepted standard upon the Ojibwa language. Another noted worker in the Red River country, was Father George Belcourt, 1S31-1S46, author of another dictionary which still remains in manuscript. Of more recent period is the Franciscan, Father Chrysostom Verw yst . stationed at Bayfield, Wisconsin, who has also given much attention to the language. Protestant effort in the tribe was inaugurated in 1823 in Ontario on the Canada side, by the Wesleyari Methodists, followed the next year by the Baptists at Sault Sainte Marie. In 1S27 the Congregationalists began work at Macki- naw, and about 1S30 the Episcopalians established themselves at the Sault. The majority of the Chris- tian portion of the tribe is Catholic.
Thwaiti s,./. I M ION1 T.
Missions in Handbook of American Indians (Washington, 1907); Pilling. of the Algongn
(1K0H; Shi v. ( .ill,,.' , 1/ ,., \ • ~> ,,,', I
craft. History, Condition and Prospects "I the Indian Tribes
(Philadelphia, 1S51-59).
Jambs Moonet.
Chiusi-Pienza, Diocese of (Clusiitensis bt Pientcnensis), suffragan of Siena. Chiusi is an
important town in the province of that name- in Tus- cany. It is the ancient Clusium, one of the twelve cities of the Etruscan Confederation. Even yet many vestiges of Etruscan fortresses and tombs are
visible. At an early period it became Bubjecl to the Romans. The Gospel, if is said, was preached there by the immediate disciples of the Apostl s. Better authenl icated, however, is the story of the martyrdom of the deacon Lrenteusand the virgin Mustiola, which probably took place under Valerian, not under Aurelian. ( 'atacomhs are found at Chiusi. The first
