CIBOULE
CICOGNARA "Notice sur le borax"; "Memoire sur les chevaux" (vol. XI); " Notice sur l'hirondelle, sur le cerf et sur lacigale" (vol. XII), etc. Cibot's modesty prevented him from signing many of his essays. His style was somewhat diffuse, and his writings received their value chiefly from the variety of topics treated and the inter- esting information which they contained. Sommervogel, Bibl. de In c. de J. (Paris, 1891), II, 1167; Grossier, in Biog. univ., VIII. H. M. Brock. Ciboule, Robert, theologian and moralist, b. in the Department of Eure, France, at the close of the fourteenth century; d. in 1458. He was chancellor of the church of Notre-Dame, Paris, and later dean of Evreux and chamberlain to Pope Nicholas V. In 1437 he was one of the theologians consulted by Charles VII concerning the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, on which his decision was favourable. The same monarch sent him to the Council of Basle, and in 1439 made him ambassador to the Court of Pope Eugene IV at Florence. He wrote many devotional works, all of which he left in manuscript form. His "Sainte meditation de l'homme sur soi-meme" was printed in Paris in 1510 and several times reprinted. Several of his sermons are preserved in the National Library of France (Department of Manuscripts), while his opinion regarding Joan of Arc has been partially published in the Proccs which tells of her rehabilitation [Proces de condemnation et de rehabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc (Paris, 1841-49), III, 326-328]; and complete in Lanery d'Arc, "Memoires et consultations en faveur de Jeanne dArc", etc. (Paris, 1889), 351. Thomas in La grande encyclopedic, s. v. Ciboule; Du Boulay, Historia universitati.s parisiensis (Paris, 1665-73) ; Belon and Balme, Jean Brehal, grand inquisiteur de France et la rehabili- tation de Jeanne d'Arc (Paris, 1893) , 59. John A. Ryan. Cibyra, a titular see of Caria, in Asia Minor. Kibyra, later Kibyrrha, had been founded by the Lydians in Kabalis, a Lycian district inhabited by the Solyrni. It was the leading city of Kabalis, having two votes in the Kabalian tetrapolis; it could arm 30,000 foot and 2000 horse; in 190 B. c. it was ruled by its own kings. In 130 the Romans allowed it to remain independent with its territory. But in 84 it was incorporated with the province of Asia by L. Licinius Murena, a lieutenant of Sulla, and became the capital of the Cibyratic converdus. It was re- nowned for its ironwork, but, being situated away from the great lines of Roman commerce, did not maintain its ancient prosperity. Tiberius restored it after an earthquake. It struck coins, and had its own era, reckoned from A. D. 25. It was annexed by Jus- tinian to Caria, and as early as the eighth Century became the chief town of the theme (department) of the < libyriotes. From the seventh to the twelfth or thir- teenth century it figures in the "Synecdemus" of Hierocles, and in many " Notitise episcopatuum " as a suffragan of Stauropolis, the metropolis of Caria. Six bishops are mentioned by Lequien (I, 963), the first being Letodorus (not Leontius) at Nicsea in 325; and the last Stephen, a partisan of Photius, who retracted at the Eighth (Ecumenical Council in 869. The ruins of Cibyra are near Horzoum, a village in the vilayet of Koniuli, where the ancient theatre, odeon, stadium, etc., are still to be seen. Spratt and Forbes,. Tra ■ I l 36 sq.; Collignon, ..t.' de ' 'ibyra ><> B ;<:>■, >., ,7, noin, , i ; Ramsay. Thi < j ri,r,,;i„. -'.".ti otb. Diet, of Or. an > Ay (London, 1878). I, -16. S. Petrtdeb. Ciccione, ANDREA, an Italian sculptor and archi- tect, born in Naples in the first pari of the fifteenth century. He was a pupil of Masuccio the younger. and is said to have built the cloister of San Severino, the church and monastery of Monte Oliveto, and several palaces and churches. There is some doubt regarding Ciccione, as certain writers of note make no mention of him, while others do who have not been found always reliable. It is known that he sculptured the monument of Giosue Caracciolo, formerly in the Duomo, and that he was selected by Joanna II to make a tomb for her brother, King Ladislaus, in the church of San Giovanni a Carbonara. This consists of a towering pile, three stories high, flanked by allegorical figures, the sarcophagus half way up, and Ladislaus on his war horse on the summit. The eyes are coloured, the robe borders and hair gilded, and backgrounds blue with gold fleurs-de-lys. Queen Joanna again commissioned Ciccione when her lover, the Grand Seneschal Gian Caracciolo, was murdered by conspirators. Caracciolo had a chapel in San Giovanni a Carbonara, and there the monks buried him hastily the night following his assassination. Over the tomb Ciccione raised a monument consisting of a sarcophagus borne by three armed knights representing Justice, Strength, and Prudence. A standing figure of Caracciolo on the top was coloured to portray life. Attention is called to the polychromy employed in these tombs, and to the representation of the virtues in military garb. There are no certain dates regarding Ciccione. Lubke, History of Sculpture, tr. Burnett (London, 1878); Perkins, Historical Handbook of Italian Sculpture (New York. 1883). M. L. Handlet.
Cicognara Leopoldo, Count, politician, writer on art. and collector of Italian antiquities, b. at Ferrara, 26 November, 1767; d. at Venice, 5 March, 1834. He was thirty years old when pressure of circumstances, Bonaparte's campaigns in Italy, and the hope of a risorgimento in his country drove him into public life. An ardent supporter of the Cisalpine Republic, he was a member of the legislative body at Milan (1798), minister to Turin (1799), deputy to the Congress of Lyons (1801), and also Councillor of State. Being subsequently implicated in the Ceroni conspiracy. Count Cicognara was held prisoner at Milan and exiled to Como and Florence, but was finally restored to his functions and sent to Bologna on a diplomatic mission. However, at the beginning of the Empire he retired from the public career in which he had experienced such changes of fortune, being then only thirty-eight.
From that time on he devoted himself unreservedly to the fine arts. A friend from childhood of Canova, a pupil of Corvi and of the landscape-painter Hackert, he combined extensive knowledge and a highly cultivated taste with practical knowledge, and his dissertations on the beautiful "Del Bello, ragionamenti sette", (Florence, 1808) attracted attention. The Academy of Fine Arts had just been founded in Venice, and Cicognara was appointed its director, a post which he held until 1827. It was during this long administration, which must ever redound to his glory, that the admirable museum was established, about as it is to-day. Meanwhile he finished his great history of sculpture (Storia della scultura, Venice, 1813-1818, 3 vols. fol. with 131 plates), a work designed to complete those of Winckelmanr and Seroux d'Agincourt, and which won its author a foreign member's seat in the Institute of France. It is, however, less valuable than his masterful publication on the manufactures and monuments of Venice (2 vols, fol. 1815-20; a new, augmented edition. 1833-40 with 250 plates, Italian and French text), in which Cicognara showed himself a learned historian of the city's antiquities, and the worthy and indispensable precursor of Ruskin and his "Stones of Venice".
The analytical catalogue ("Catalogo ragionato dei libri d'arte", Pisa, 1821), which he made of his library and sold to the pope in 1824, is still a model of bibli-
