DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE
It should be noted that all Continental reformers ha^'e
dropped the idea of making the answers theologicallj
complete. The subsequent explanations supply what
may be wanting. The answers are complete sentences,
Yes and Xo being seldom used by themselves, and the
order of the words in the answers follows that in the
questions.
On the History of Catechetics: Bareille. Le Catechisme Ro- main. Introduction (Montr^jeau, 1906): Hezard. Histoire du catechisme depuis la naissance de VEglise jusgu'a nos jours; Th.alhofer, Entwicklung des katholischen Katechismus in Deulschland von Canisius bis Deharbe: Probst, Geschichte der katholischen Katechese (Paderbom, 18S7): Spirago, Method of Christian Doctrine, tr. Messmer (New York. 1901), \i: Ba- reille in Did. de theoL cath,, s. v. Calechese; Mangenot, ibid., s. V. Catechisme; Knecht in Kirchenlej:., s. vv. Katechese, Kate- chetik, Katechismus.
On Catechi2ing, Methods, etc.: Dcpanloup, Method of Cate- chising (tr.); The Method of S. Sttlpice (tr.); Spir\go, ul supra; Walsh, Irish Eccl. Record. Jan.. 1892; Lambing. The Sunday School Teacher's Manual (1S73); Fl'RN'ISS, How to Teach at Catechism; Sunday School or Catechismf; Bellord. Religious Education and its Failures (Notre Dame, 1901); Bareille, Maxgenot, and Knecht. ut supra: Gl.knct, Preface to Knecht. Bible Commentary for Schools (Freiburg, 1894); Gibson. The Catechism made Easy (London, 1SS2); C^arr. .-1 Lamp of the Word and Instructor's Guide (Liverpool, 1892); Howe, The Catechist; or Headings and Suggestions for the Explanation of the Catechism (Newcastle-on-Tyne, lS9.'i); Sloan, The SuTiday School Teacher's Guide to Success (New York, 1907); Amer. Eccl. Rev.. Jan. -May, 1908; Weber, Die Miinehener kateche- tisehe Methode; Gottler, Der Miinehener katechetische Kurs, 190.5(1906).
Catechv^ms, Manuals, etc. — It would not be possible to give anything like a complete list of these. We shall content our- selves with mentioning a few of the be^t-known in use in Eng- Ush-speaking countries. Some have already been mentioned in the article. — A Catechism of Christian Doctrine, prepared and enjoined by order of the Third Council of Baltimore (188.5); The Catechism ordered by the National Synod of Maynooth and ap- proved of by the Cardinal, the Archbishops, and the Bishops of Ire land for General Use throughout the Irish Church (Dublin, s. d.); A Short Catechism extracted from the Catechism ordered, etc. (Dublin, s. d.); A Catechism of Christian Doctrine approved by Cardinal Vaughan and the Bishops of England (London. 1902); The Explanatory Catechism of Christian Doctrine (the same with notes); The Little CateiJiism; an Abridgement of the Catechism of Chri.slian Doctrine (London, s. d.); Butler, Catechism (Dublin. 1S45): Deharbe, Ca^chism of the Christian Religion (also known as Pander's Catechism) (New York. 1887); Companion to The Catechism (DuhMn): Spirago, The Catechism Explained, ed. Clarke; Ger-ard, Course of Religious Instruction for Catholic Youth (London. 1901); de Zolueta. Letters on Chris- tian Doctrine; Caffehata, The Catechism Simply Explained (London, 1897); A Manual of Instruction in Christian Doc- trine — approved by Card. Wiseman and Card. Manning, much used in the higher schools and training colleges in the British Isles (London, 1861, 1871); Wenh.^m, The Catechumen, an Aid to the intelligent knowledge of the Catechism (London, 1881); Power, Catechism: Doctrinal. Moral, Historical, and Liturgical (5th ed., DubUn, 1880).
Anglican: Maclear. A Class Book of the Catechism of the Church of England (London. 1886).
There are many Bible Histories in use, but none of them officially recommended, though published with episcopal approval. The best-known are: The Children's Bible Hi.'itory for Home and School Use (a small elementary work of which nearly a million and a half have been printed; it is capable of improvement) (London. 1872); Formby, Pictorial Bible and Church History Stories, including Old Testament History, the Life of Christ, and Oiurch History (London. 1871); Knecht, Bible Commentary for ,Schools, ed. Glancy (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1894); Wenham, Readings from the Old Testament, New Testament Narrative (London. 1907); Richards. Manual of .Scripture His'oru (London, 1885); Costello, The Gospel Story (London, IflCKDI; Scripture Manuals for Catholic Schools, ed. Smith (London. 1899); St. Edmund's College Series of Scripture Manuals. Ward ed. (London. 1897).
T. B. SCANNELL.
Doctrine, Development of. See Revel.^tion.
Doctrine of Addai (Lat. Doctrina Addcei), a Sj-riac document which relates the legend of the conversion of Edes,sa. It begins with the storj' of the letter of King Abgar to Christ (see .■\bg.\r) and the reply of the lat- ter, with some variations from the account drawn by Eu.sebius (Hist. Eccl., I, xiii) from the Edes.sene ar- chives. The reply was not a letter, as Eusebius says, but a verbal message, together w^ith a portrait of Christ (not in Eusebius). .■Vfter the Ascension Judas Thomas sent .\ddai. one of the seventy-two Disciples, to .'Xbgar. .-^ddai (Thaddeus in Eusebius) healed the king of his sickness, and preached before him, relating the discovery of the Tnie Cross by Protonice. wife of the Emperor Claudius; this, with all that follows,
it later than Eusebius, being founded on the story of
St Helena. Addai then preaches to the people, who
are converted. The heathen altars are thrown down,
and the people are baptized. Kng Abgar induces the
Emperor Tiberius to chastise the Jews for ha\-ing
crucified the Saviour. Churches are built by Addai,
and he makes deacons and priests. On his death-bed
he appcints Aggai his successor, ordains the deacon
Palut priest, and gives his last admonitions. He was
buried in the sepulchre of the king's ancestors.
Many years after his death, Aggai, who "ordained holy
priests for the country, was martyred as he taught in
the church by a rebellious son of .\bgar. His succes-
sor, Palut, was obliged to go to .\ntioch in order to get
episcopal consecration, w-hich he received from Sera-
pion. Bishop of .\ntioch, who "himself also received
the hand from Zephyrinus. Bishop of the city of
Rome, from the succession of the hand of the priest-
hood of Simon Cephas, w-hich he received from Oiu-
Lord, who was there Bishop of Rome t wenty-five years,
in the days of the Caesar, who reigned there thirteen
years" (e\ndently Nero is meant, who reigned from
October, 54, to June, 68). The an.xiety of the writer
to connect the Edessene succession with Rome is in-
teresting; its derivation from the Petrine See of Anti-
och does not suffice him.
The doctrine of the book is not unorthodox, though some expressions might be understood in an ApoUi- narian sense. The mention of Holy Scripture must be noticed: "They read in the Old Testament and the New, and the Prophets, and the Acts of the ,\postles, even,- day they meditated on them"; "a large number of people assembled day by day and came to the prayer of the service, and to [the reading] of the Old and New Testament, of the Diatessaron"; "But the Law and the Prophets and the Gospel, which ye read even,- day before the people, and the Epistles of Paul, which Simon Peter sent us from the city of Rome, and the Acts of the twelve Apostles, which John, the son of Zebedee, sent us from Ephesus, these books read ye in the Churches of Christ, and with these read not any others, as there is not any other in which the truth that ye hold is written, except these books, which re- tain you in the faith to which ye have been called." The canon therefore excludes the .Apocalj-pse and all the Catholic Epistles ; in this it agrees with Aphraates, Theodore of Mopsuestia, the Syriac stichometrical list of Cod. Sin. 10 (in Mrs. Lewis's Catalogue of Sinai MSS.), and probably with Ephrem. The Syriac Church, indeed, never accepted the Apocalypse and the four shorter Catholic Epistles; the three longer ■were admitted at all events later than -100, at an un- certain date. The Diatessaron was employed by the Syriac Church from its composition by Tatian c. 160 until it was proscribed by the famous Bishop of Edessa, Rabbula (d. 435).
^Ye seem to find firm historical ground in the state- ment that Palut w;is consecrated bishop by Serapion, w-ho was Bishop of .\ntioch c. 191-212 and really a contemporan,- of Pope Zephyrinus. But this show-s that .\ddai, who made Palut a priest, w-as not one of the seventy-two Disciples of Christ. The first Chris- tian King of Edessa was in reality Abgar IX (179-214) who was converted soon after 201, and this date tallies with that of Palut. It is possible that Palut was the first Bishop of Ede.ssa ; but it is surely more likely that there was alre.ady a Church and a bishop under the pagan kings in so important a city. An early datt for the Abgar legend is sometimes based upon the promise in the message of Christ : " Thy city shall be blessed, and no enemy shall again become master of it for ever." It is argued that this could not have been in- vented after the sacking of the city under Trajan in 116; but the writer might have passed over this event after a centurj' and a half. The confusion of dates can hardly have arisen before the latter half of the third century, and the Edessene Acts used hy Ease-
