DOLOURS
100
DOME
building in San Francisco, and which survived the
earthquake of 1906 practically without damage, was
laid in 1782 and finished with a thatched roof. In
1795 tiles replaced the thatch. The mission buildings
as usual were erected in the form of a square. The
church stood in the south-east corner fronting the
east. The wings of the square contained the rooms
of the missionaries, two of whom were always there
until about June, 182S. the shops of the carpenters,
smiths, saddlers, rooms for melting tallow and making
soap, for agricultural implements, for spinning wool
and wea\ang coarse fabrics. There were twenty
looms in constant opera-
tion, and two mills moved
by mule-power ground the
grain. Most of the neo-
phytes were engaged in
agriculture and stock-rais-
ing. Owing to the barren
nature of the soil and the
high winds in the neigh-
bourhood, sowing and
planting was done ten or
twelve miles down the
peninsula. The stock also
grazed far away from the
mission. About one hun-
dred yards from the church
stood the neophyte vil-
lage, composed of eight
rows of one-story dwell-
ings. The girls lived at the
mission proper under the
Dolores Mission, San Francisco
careof amatron (see Californi.v Missions). Aschool
was in operation in 181S. The highest number of In-
dians living at the mission was reached in 1820, when
1242 neophj-tes made their home with the missionaries
and received food, clothing, and instruction. The first
baptism of an Indian occurred on 24 June, 1777. From
that date till October, 184,5, when the last Francis-
can departed, 7200 names entered into the baptismal
record, about 500 of which represented white people.
During the same period 5503 deaths occurred, and
2156 marriages were blessed; about eighty of the lat-
ter were those of white couples. From 1785 to the
end of 1832, for which period we have the reports, the
mission raised 120,000 bushels of wheat, 70,226 bushels
of barley, 18,260 bushels of corn, 14,386 bushels of
beans, 7296 bushels of peas, and 905 bushels of lentils
and garvanzos or horse beans. The largest number of
animals owned by the mission was as follows: cattle,
11,340 head in 1809 : sheep. 1 1 ,:-i24 in 181 4 ; gnats, 65 in
1786; horses,
1239 in 1,831;
mules, 45 in
1813.
Records ol I)nii>iii\s on tiii: li mj
Mission San
Francisco^ Ms.- Archives of Mission >Sanla Barbara, Ms.; Font, Dinrio at Berkeley University, Ms. (Berkeley, Cat); Palou, Noticias (San Francisco. 1874), II. IV; Paloc, Vida del Fray Jnnipero Serra (Mexico, 1787); Bxncroft, Hislon/ of California (San Francisco, 1886). I, V; Enoelhardt, The Franciscans in California (Harbor Springs, Mich., 1897),
Zephyrin Engelhardt. Dolours of the Blessed Virgin Mary. See Sor-
ROW.S OF THE BlES.SKO ViRGIN MaRV.
Dolphin (Lat. delphinus). — The u.se of the dolphin as -.1 Christian symbol is connected with the general idtiis underlying the more general use of the fish (q. v.). The particular idea is that of swiftness and celerity symbolizing the desire with which Christians, who are thus represented ius being sharers in the na- ture of Christ the true Fish, should seek after the knowledge of Christ. Hence the representation is generally of two dolphins tending towards the sacred monogram or some other emblem of Christ. In other
cases the particular idea is that of love and tenderness.
Aringhi (Roma Subterr., 11, .327) gives an example of
a dolphin with a heart, and other instances have some
such motto as pignus a.mori.s habe.s (i. e. thou hast a
pledge of love). It is sometimes used as an emblem
of merely conjugal love on funeral monuments. With
an anchor the dolphin occurs frequently on early
Christian rings, representing the attachment of the
Christian to Christ crucified. Speaking generally, the
dolphin is the symbol of the individual Christian,
rather than of Christ Himself, though in some in-
stances the dolphin with the anchor seems to be in-
tended as a representation
of Christ upon the Cross.
Mamachi, De Orig. ct Ant. Chr., iii; Martignv, Diet, des Ant. Chr., s. v.; Smith and Cheetham, ed., Diet, of Chris- tian Antiq., s. v.; see especially WiLPERT, Le Pitture delle Cata- combe Romane (Freiburg, 1903); and Dalton, Catalogue of Early Christian Antiquities etc. in the British Museum (London, 1901).
Arthur S, B.^rnes.
Dozn. See Benedic- tine Order.
Dome (Lat. domus, a house), an architectural term often used synony- mously with cupola. Strictly speaking it signifies the external part of a spherical or polygonal covering of a building, of which the cupola (q. v.) is the inner structure, but in general usage dome means the entire covering. It is also loosely used, as in the German Dom and Italian Duomo, to designate a cathedral, or, at times, to signify some other building of importance. A dome may be of any material, wood, stone, metal, earthenware, or it may be built of a single mass or of a double or even triple series of concentric coverings. The dome is a roof, the base of which is a circle, an ellipsis, or a polygon, and its vertical section a curved line, concave towards the interior. Hence domes are called circular, ellip- tical or polygonal, according to the figure of the base. The most usual form is the spherical, in which case its plan is a circle, the section a segment of a circle. Domes are sometimes semi-elliptical, pointed, often in curves of contrary fle.xure, bell-.shaped, etc. Except in the earlier period of the development of the dome, the in- terior and exterior forms were not often alike, and, in
the space be- tween , a staircase to the lantern was gener- ally made.
Domes are of two kinds, simple and compound. In the simple dome, the dome and the pendentives are in one, and the height is only a little greater than that of an intersecting vault formeil by semicircular arches. The dome over the central part of the tomb of Galla Placidia, at Ravenna, and those over some of the aisles of Saint Sophia, Const:intinople, are of this description. In the compcnmd dome two methods were followed. In both methods greater height is obtained, anil the compoimd dome was consequently the one used on all important buildings of the later period. In one, the tlome starts directly from the top of the circle formed by the pendentives; in the other, a cylindrical wall or "drum" intervenes betweon the pendentives and the dome, thus raising the latter con- siderably. In churches with domes without drums, the windows are in the dome itself immediately above the springing; otherwise, they are in the drum, and the surface of the dome is generally unbroken. At
