DOME
101
DOME
the monastery of St. Luke, Phocis, Greece, are two
churches of the eleventh centurj-, side by side, the
smaller of which has a drum with windows in it,
whereas the larger church has no drum, and the win-
dows are in the dome. The drum is universal in all
domed churches of the Renaissance, at which time it
received special treatment and became a most im-
portant feature. Many of these drums are not circu-
lar in plan externally, but are many-sided, and the
angles are often enriched by marble shafts, etc. The
carrying-up of the walls vertically is a good expedient
constructionally, as it provides weight above the
haunches of the dome and helps to neutraUze its
thrusts. In the churches of the second period, at
Constantinople, Salonica, .A.thens, and other parts of
Greece, in which the true drum occurs, it is of consid-
erable height and is generally eight-sided. Windows
come at each side, and over the windows are arches
which cut into the dome itself.
A primitive form of the dome and the barrel vault is of great antiquity. In some districts men were compelled to build in stone or brick or mud, because there was no wood, as in Assyria; in other districts because they had not the tools to work wood. In all such cases some form of dome or tunnel vault had to be devised for shelter. In tracing the growth of the dome in historical times, it has been regarded as an outcome of the architecture of the Eastern Empire, because it was at Constantinople and in the Byzan- tine provinces that it was first employed in ecclesias- tical structures. But it was the Romans who in real- ity developed the use of the dome, as of all other ap- plications of the semicircular arch. From Rome it was carried to Constantinople and from the same source to different parts of the Western Empire. In Eastern Christendom the dome became the dominant factor in chm-ch design ; whether a single dome, as at Saint Sophia, Constantinople (built, 532-537), or a central dome encircled by other domes, as at St. Mark's, Venice, or a row of domes, as at Angouleme. The plan and domes of Angouleme are reproduced in the new Catholic cathedral at Westminster. The Roman dome was a hemisiihere supported by a cir- cular waU. Its finest example was the Pantheon, Rome. Equally characteristic, though smaller, ex- amples abound, e. g. at Rome, the temple of Minerva Medica, the tomb of Constantia, now the church of Santa Costanza, etc. VioUet-le-Duc in writing of the dome of the Pantheon says, "This majestic cupola is the widest, the most beautiful, the best constructed, and most stable of all the great domes of the world". The inside diameter of the dome is 142^ feet. Previous to the buUding of the Pantheon in its present domical form, during the reign of Hadrian about a. d. 123, the historj' of the dome is for the most part a blank.
The primitive Eastern dome seems to have been on a very small scale, and to have been used for subor- dinate purposes onlj'. It was a common arcliitec- tural feature in ancient Egj'pt and Mesopotamia. In later times the dome was largely employed in archi- tecture by the Persian Sassanids, Mohammedans, and the Byzantines. From the first domed churches built for Christian worship sprang Byzantine archi- tecture and its offshoots. The builder of the earliest domed church of any magnitude was Constantine; its locality the famous city of .\ntioeh in Sj-ria. The problem of the Christian domed church, so far at least as its interior is concerned, received in Saint Sophia its full solution. The dome is the prevailing conception of Byzantine architecture, and M. Choisy, in his "Art de batir chez les Byzantins" traces the influence of this domical construction on Greek architecture to show how from their fusion the architecture of the Eastern Empire became possible. Domes were now, from the time of the construction of Saint Sophia, placed over square apartments, their bases being brought to a circle by means of pendentives, whereas,
in Roman architecture, domes as a rule were placed
over a circular apartment. The grouping of small
domes round a large central one was verj' effective, and
one of the peculiarities of Byzantine churches was that
the dome had no additional outer covering. The dome
was rarely used by medieval builders except when
under oriental influence, hence it was practically eon-
fined to Spain and Ital}'. The dome of the cathedral
at Pisa, the first model of the Tuscan style of architec-
ture, was begim in the eleventh century, and in the
thirteenth was founded the cathedral at Florence.
Its dome equals in size that of St. Peter's at Rome,
and was its model. During the Italian Renaissance,
domed construction became again of the first impor-
tance, possibly on account of its classical precedent,
and it is interesting to note that the Pantheon became
once more the starting-point of a new development
which culminated in the domes of St. Peter's, Rome,
and St. Paul's, London.
The substructure of the dome of St. Peter's is a round drimi, which serves as a stylobate and lifts it
thp:on, Rome
above the surrounding roofs. On this stands the
ringwall of the drum, decorated with a Corinthian
order and carrying an attic ; on this sits the oval mass
of the noblest dome in the world. The drum, fifty
feet high, is pierced by sixteen square-headed win-
dows. The enormous thickness of the stylobate
allows an outside offset to receive the buttresses which
are set between the windows, in the shape of spur-
walls with engaged columns at the corners, over which
the entablature is broken. The curve of the dome is
of extraordinary beauty. Between its ribs, corres-
ponding to the buttresses below, are three diminishing
tiers of small dormer windows. The lantern above,
with an Ionic order, repeats the arrangement of win-
dows and buttresses in the drum below, and is sur-
mounted by a Latin cross rising 448 feet above the
pavement. The foremost Renaissance church in
Florence is the church of the Annunziata, and is re-
markable for a fine dome carried on a drum resting
directly on the ground. To the latest time of the
Renaissance in Venice belongs the picturesque domed
church of Santa Maria della Salute. The two finest
domes in France are those of the Hotel des Invalides
and the Pantheon (formerly the church of Sainte-
Genevieve) at Paris. Domes built in the early part
of the twelfth century are to be found at Valencia,
Zamora, Salamanca, Clermont, Le Puy, Cahors.
They are also found in Poitou, Perigord, and .\uvergne;
at Aachen, Cologne, Antwerp, and along the banks of
the Rhine ; at Aosta, Pavia, Como, Parma, Piacenza,
Verona, Milan, etc. There are, besides, the bulbous
domes of Russia and the flattened cupolas of the Sara-
cens. The dome became the lantern in English
Gothic, and the octagon of Ely cathedral is said to be
