DUBRIO
179
DUBUQUE
tion to take up his resiJence outside New Orleans.
However, he gradually overcame his opponents. On
23 January, 1815, on the threshold of the New Orleans cathedral, he bestowed on General Jackson the laurels of victory.
After settling in a satisfactory way the affairs of the diocese Father Dubourg proceeded to Rome where he was consecrated Bishop of Louisiana and the Floridas,
24 September, 1S15. He returned to America in 1817 and took up his residence in St. Louis where he foimd- ed a theological seminary and college at "'The Bar- rens". He also founded the St. Louis Latin Academy which developed into the present well-known St. Louis University. The Religious of the Sacred Heart simul- taneously opened their first American convent, St. Charles's Academy (1818), and soon after a second one at Florissant. These institutions gave a great im- pulse to religion in what was then known as LTpper Louisiana. The bishop visited yearly the southern part of his diocese, and when Bishop Rosati was ap- pointed his coadjutor, New Orleans became again his residence. In 1826 Bishop Dubourg went again to Europe. He was a brilliant and learned man, but was reluctant to enforce his authority against the cathedral trustees who continually opposed him : there- fore he tendered his resignation of the See of New Or- leans (November, 1826), thinking that another incum- bent would be more successful.
He was not, however, allowed to live in retirement, but was transferred, 2 October, 1826, to the Diocese of Montauban ; then on 15 February, 183.3, he was pro- moted to the archiepiscopal See of Besan^on. Arch- bishop Dubourg was one of the first patrons and bene- ficiaries of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, but was not, as has been said, its founder. This society was organized at a meeting held at Lyons by the Abbe Inglesi, Bishop Dubourg's vicar-general, but the chief role in its creation is due to a pious woman of Lyons, Pauline-Marie Jaricot (q. v.).
Shea. History of the Catholic Church in th< United Slates (New York, 1890), III, passim; Idem, The Hierarchy of the Catholic Chiirchinthe UnitedStates (New York, 1886); Gdasco. L'(Euvre de la Propagation de la Foi (Paris): A Member of the Order of Mercy, Essays Educational and Historical (New York, 1S99); Meric, Vie de M. Emery (Paris).
Celestin M. Ch.vmbon.
Dubric (Dyfrig, Dubricius), Saint, bishop and confessor, one of the greatest of Welsh saints; d. 612. He is usually represented holding two crosiers, which signify his jurisdiction over the Sees of Caerleon and Llandaff. St. Dubric is first mentioned in a tenth- century MS. of the "Annates Cambria;", where his death is assigned to the year 612. This date appears also in the earliest life of the saint that has come down to us. It was written about 1133, to record the trans- lation of his relics, and is to be found (in the form of "Lectiones") in the " Liber Landavensis". It may con- tain some genuine traditions, but as it appeared at least five hundred years after St. Dubric's death, it cannot claim to be historical. According to this account he was the son (by an unnamed father) of Eurddil, a daughter of Pebia Claforwg, prince of the region of Ergyng (Erchenfield in Herefordshire), and was born at Madley on the River Wye. As a child be was noted for his precocious intellect, and by the time he attained manhood was already known as a scholar throughout Britain. He founded a college at Henllan (Hentland in Herefordshire), where he maintained two thousand clerks for .seven years. Thence he moved to Mochros (perhaps Moccas), on an island farther up the Wye, where he foundecl an abbey. Later on he became Bishop of Llandaff, but resigned his see and retired to the Isle of Bardsey, off the coast of Carnarvonshire. Here with his disciples he lived as a hermit for many years, and here he was buried. His body was trans- lated by Urban, Bishop of Llandaff, to a tomb before the Lady-altar in "the old monastery" of the cathe-
dral city, which afterwards became the cathedral
church of St. Peter.
A few years after the "Liber Landavensis" was written, there appeared the " Historia Regum Britan- nvs" of Geoffrey of Monmouth, and this romantic chronicle is the source of the later and more elaborate legend of .St. Dubric, which describes him as "Arch- bishop of Caerleon" and one of the great figures of King Arthur's court. Benedict of Gloucester and John de Tinmouth (as adapted by Capgrave) devel- oped the fictions of Geoffrey, but their accounts are of no historical value. There is no record of St. Du- bric's canonization. The "Liber Landavensis" as- signs his death to 14 November, but ne was also com- memorated on 4 November. The translation of his body, which the same authority assigns to 23 May, is more usually kept on 29 May.
Liher Landavensis, ed. Rees (Llandovery, 1840), 75-83, 323-331; Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniw (London, 1844), viii, ix; Wharton, Anglia Sacra (London, 1691). II. 654-661, 667; Capgrave, Nova Legenda Anglias (Ox- ford, 1907); Alford, Fides Regia Britannica sive Annates Ec~ clesia Britannica! (Leyden. 1663), I, 547-548; Challoneh, Britannia Sacra (London, 1745). II, 274-5; Lives of the Cambro- Briti^h Saints, ed. Rees (Llandovery, 1853); Rees, Essay on the Welsh Saints (London, 1836). 144. 170-2, 176-S; Nedelec, Cambria Sacra (London. 1879), 289-323; Hole in Diet, of Christ. Biog. (London, 1877). s. v. Dubricius; Todt in Diet. Nat. Biog. (London, 1888), s. v. Dubricius.
Leslie A. St. L. Tore. Dubrovnik. See Ragusa.
Dubuque, Archdiocese op (Dubuqdensis), estab- lished, 28 July, 1837, created an archbishopric, 1893, comprises that part of Iowa, U. S. A., north of Polk, Jasper, Poweshiek, Iowa, Johnson, Cedar, and Scott, and east of Kossuth, Humboldt, Webster, and Boone Counties; an area of 18,084 sq. miles. The city is picturesquely situated on the Mississippi, at the base of noble bluffs that rise 300 feet above the river; many of these eminences are crowned with Catholic institu- tions and fine residences. The city is named after Julien Dubuque, a Canadian, who lived there from 1788 to 1811, mining lead and trading with the Indians. His grave was marked by a cross and recently has been adorned with a rugged round tower of native lime- stone.
The first white men to visit Iowa were the Jesuit Marquette and the Franciscan Hennepin. Later missionaries sent from Quebec laboured among the Indians of W'isconsin and Iowa, and kept alive the Faith among the scattered pioneers. Iowa became United States territory by the Louisiana Purchase, and in 1833, after treaty with the Indians, was opened to settlement. The lead mines at Dubuque attracted many, the fertile prairies many more, and the popu- lation increased rapidly. The earliest Catholic set- tlers were French, German, and Irish, coming directly from their native lands or from the Eastern States; soon the whole State was dotted with thriving villages and prosperous farms. The attitude of non-Catholics has been uniformly friendly; the coming of a priest and the building of a church were generally met with favour and even with generous contributions. At present the Catholic people of the Archdiocese of Du- buque are about equally divided between agricul- tural and urban pursuits, and hold a prominent posi- tion in social, business, and professional life. The principal parishes outside of the city of Dubuque presided over by irremovable rectors are Clinton, Cedar Rapids, Independence, Marshalltomi, Waterloo, Dyersville, Mason City, Lansing, Ackley, Cascade, New Vienna, and Waukon.
The Diocese of Dubuque was created in 1837 by division of that of St. Louis, and embraced the area north of Missouri to Canada, and east of the Missis- sippi to the Missouri. One priest, a zealous Domini- can, .Samuel Mazzuchelli, ministered to a scattered population of less than 3000; three churches had been built; St. Raphael's at Dubuque, one at Davenport,
