Das Duell in seinem Ursprung und Wesen (Paderborn, 1864); Das Duell als Emancipation der Ehre (Freiburg im Br., 1846); TONGERONS DE CAMPIGNEULLES, Histoire des duels anciens et modernes (Paris, 1835); NAHLOWSKI, Das Duell (Leipzig, 1864); OTT. Geschichte des Zweikampfs aller Volker und Zeiten (Olmütz, 1855); HUBSCHNER, Das Duell (Elberfeld, 1868); VON BELOW, Das Duell in Deutschland (1896); GRIEPENKERL, Das Duell im Lichte der Ethik, Seminary memorial publication for bishop's jubilee (Trier, 1906); WIERINGER, Das Duell von dem Richterstuhl der Religion, der Moral, des Rechts und der Geschichte (Graz, 1895); LEHMKUHL, Das Duell im Lichte der Vernunft in Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, XLVI (1894), 345; MEYER, Institut. juris naturalis (Freiburg im. Br., 1900), II, 76, 299; CATHREIN, Moralphilosophie (Freiburg im Br., 1904), II; PAULSEN, System der Ethik (Berlin, 1900), II, 101 sqq.; LASSON, System der Rechtsphilosophie (Berlin, 1882), 548; VON BOGULAWSKI, Die Antiduellbewegung (Berlin, 1902); SPOHN, Die konventionellen Gebräuche beim Zweikampf (Berlin, 1901).
V. CATHREIN.
Duffy, SIR CHARLES GAVAN, politician and author, b. at Monaghan, Ireland, 12 April, 1816; d. at Nice, France, 9 Feb., 1903. Educated in his native town, he contributed, at an early age, to the "Northern Herald", and in 1836 joined the staff of the Dublin "Morning Register" of which he shortly afterwards became sub-editor. In 1839, being appointed editor of the newly established Ulster Catholic paper, "The Vindicator", he went to Belfast, where he resided till 1842. Going to Dublin in the summer of that year, he met two young barristers, Thomas Davis and John Dillon, and in conjunction with them he founded "The Nation", the first number of which appeared in October. Duffy was editor, Dillon and Davis were among its contributors, and what with the ability of editor and contributors, the freshness and vigour of style, and the manly and militant tone adopted on public questions, the paper soon became a power. Its whole-hearted support of Repeal filled the meetings and the coffers of the Repeal Association, and O'Connell gratefully recognized its assistance. Peel also noted its influence, and when O'Connell was prosecuted in 1844, Duffy was with him in the dock and subsequently his fellow-prisoner in Kilmainham. Later, in the struggles between the Young and the Old Irelanders, Duffy took sides with the former against O'Connell, and was one of those who helped to found the Irish Confederation. He specially resented O'Connell's alliance with the Whigs, as he did the intolerance and presumption of John O'Connell. The failure of the Repeal movement, the horrors of the famine, and the death of O'Connell weakened his faith in constitutional action, and for a time, in 1848, he advocated revolutionary measures. The Government, in consequence, seized his paper and threw Duffy into prison; but, though tried four times in succession, the prosecution failed, owing chiefly to the great ability of his lawyer, Isaac Butt. In the revived "Nation", in 1849, Duffy reverted to constitutional agitation, and with Lucas and others established in 1850 the Tenant League, which at the general election of 1852 returned forty members of parliament pledged to Tenant Right and Independent Opposition, Duffy himself being returned for New Ross, County Wexford. The treachery of the place-hunters, Keogh and Sadlier, soon wrecked the party, and, when Lucas died, Duffy in despair resigned his seat and left for Melbourne, Australia, where he arrived early in 1856. Though determined to avoid politics, he was induced to enter the Victorian Parliament, where his great abilities made him at once a prominent figure. He filled in succession the position of minister of public works and minister of public lands, and for a brief period was prime minister. Ultimately he became speaker, receiving also the honour of knighthood. These honours and dignities he reached without ever denying either his country or faith, or ever failing to defend them when assailed. He consistently championed the labourers and the farmers against the capitalists and the squatters, and when he left Victoria in 1880 the whole colony regarded him as one of the ablest and most useful of her public men. His last years were devoted to writing several valuable historical works: "Young Ireland" (Dublin, 1884); also his "Four Years of Irish History" (London, 1883); "The League of North and South" (London, 1886); and "My Life in Two Hemispheres" (London, 1903).
LUCAS, Life of Frederick Lucas (London, 1887); MITCHELL, The Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps) (New York, 1860); O'CONNELL, Correspondence (London, 1888).
E. A. D'ALTON.
Duhamel, JEAN-BAPTISTE, a French scientist, philosopher, and theologian, b. at Vire, Normandy (now in the department of Calvados), 11 June, 1624; d. at Paris, 6 August, 1706. He began his studies at Caen and completed them at Paris. In 1642, being only eighteen years of age, Duhamel published an explanation of the work of Theodosius called "Spherics", to which he added a treatise on trigonometry. The following year he entered the Congregation of the Oratory, which he left ten years later to take charge of the parish of Neuilly-sur-Marne. Resigning this position in 1663, he became chancellor of the church of Bayeux. When Colbert founded the Académie des Sciences (1666), he appointed Duhamel its first secretary. Duhamel held this office until 1697, when he resigned and, upon his own recommendation, was succeeded by Fontenelle. With Colbert's brother, the Marquis de Croissy, he went, in 1668, first to Aix-la-Chapelle for the peace negotiations, and later to England, where he came in touch with the foremost scientists, especially with the physicist Boyle.
Duhamel's works are "Philosophia moralis christiana" (Angers, 1652); "Astronomia physica" (Paris, 1659); “De meteoris et fossilibus" (Paris, 1659); "De consensu veteris et novæ philosophia" (Paris, 1663), a treatise on natural philosophy in which the Greek and scholastic theories are compared with those of Descartes; "De corporum affectionibus" (Paris, 1670); "De mente humanâ" (Paris, 1672); "De corpore animato" (Paris, 1673); “Philosophia vetus et nova ad usum scholæ accommodata" (Paris, 1678). This last work, composed by order of Colbert as a textbook for colleges, ran through many editions. He also pub- lished: "Theologia speculatrix et practica" (7 vols., Paris, 1690), abridged in five volumes for use as a text- book in seminaries (Paris, 1694); "Regiæ scientiarum Academiæ historia" (Paris, 1698; enlarged edition, 1701); "Institutiones biblica” (Paris, 1698), in which are examined the questions of the authority, integrity, and inspiration of the Bible, the value of the Hebrew text and of its translations, the style and method of interpretation, Biblical geography, and chronology; "Biblia sacra Vulgatæ editionis" (Paris, 1705), with introductions, notes, chronological, historical, and geographical tables. In his choice of opinions, Duhamel shows great impartiality and unbiased judgment. His admiration for empirical science does not make him despise the speculations of his predecessors, but he examines and criticizes both sides carefully, tries to reconcile them, and, if this be impossible, gives his own opinion. Brucker, in his history of philosophy, calls him "vir et judicii laude clarissimus et doctrinæ copia celeberrimus". Fontenelle praises his noble character and his disinterestedness; his charity, which was exercised too frequently not to be- come known, notwithstanding his care to conceal it"; his humility, which was not only on his lips, but was a feeling based on science itself".
VIALARD, J.B. Duhamel (Paris, 1884); MORIN-LAVALLÉE, Bibliographie viroise (Caen, 1879); FONTENELLE, Histoire du renouvellement de l'Academic royale des sciences en MDCXCIX, et les Eloges historiques de tous les Académiciens morts depuis ce renouvellement (Paris, 1706); CHALMERS, Biographical Dictionary (London, 1814), XVII, 84; BRUCKER, Historin critica philosophiae (2nd ed., Leipzig. 1767). IV. 760; DUPIN, Nouvelle bibliothèque des auteurs ecclesiastiques (2nd ed., Paris and Mons,
C. A. DUBRAY. 1703-), XVIII, 297.
Duhig, JAMES. See ROCKHAMPTON.
