ECHARD
270
ECHTERNACH
personal knowledge or verbal communication, although
he seems to have had access to certain written docu-
ments now lost. His " De Ad ventu " is a collection of
notes rather than a finished work. He describes with
extreme simplicity and vividness what has been called
the heroic period of the Franciscan movement in Eng-
land. In spite of the absence of dates and of any
chronological sequence and of its tendency to extol the
English province above all others, his chronicle is very
valuable antl is accurate and reliable in all that con-
cerns the establishment and spread of the Friars Minor
in England. Incidentally it throws some light on the
trend of early Franciscan events and thought in gen-
eral. Four MSS. of the "De Adventu", all of which
go back to one lost archetj-pe, are known to scholars.
Tlie chronicle has been often edited; in part by Brewer
in the "Monumenta Franciscana" (Rolls Series, Lon-
don, 1S5S) ; and by Howlett in the same series (1882) ;
by the Friars Minor at Quaracclii (in Analecta Fran-
ciscana, I, 1885, 217-57); by Liebermann in the
"Monumenta Germanise" (XXVIII, Hanover, 1885,
560-G9). A critical edition of the complete text is
much needed. There is an English translation of
Eccleston's work by Father Cuthbert, O.S.F.C, "The
Friars and how they came to England " (London, 1903) .
Waddin'g-Sb.\r.\le\, Script, ord. Min., ed. Nardecchia
(Rome. 1907). 216; Little, Thomas of Eccleston on the Coming
of the Friars Minor to England (London, 1907).
Paschal Robinson.
Echard, Jacques, historian of the Dominicans, b. at Rouen. France, 22 Sept., 1644; d. at Paris, 15 March, 1724. As the son of a wealthy official of the king he received a thorough classical and secular edu- cation. He entered the Dominican Order at Paris and distinguished himself for his assiduity in study. When Jacques Qu6tif, who had planned and gathered nearly one-fourth of the material for a literary history of the Dominican Order, died in 1698, Echard was commis- sioned to complete the work. After much labour and extensive research in most European libraries this monumental history appeared in two quarto volumes under the title "Scriptores ordinis prsdicatorum re- censiti, notisque historicis illustrati " etc. (Paris, 1721). Besides a sketch, based chiefly on Pignon and Salanac, and a list of each writer's works, with the dates and peculiarities of the various editions, Echard enumerates the unpublished, spiu'ious, and doubtful works, with valuable indications as to their where- abouts. He displays throughout a keen, sane, and in- cisive criticism which has been highly praised by com- petent critics (Journal des Savants, LXIX, 574). A new and revised edition was prepared in 1908 by R6mi Coulon, O.P.
Denifle in Archiv. fUr Litteratur itnd Kirchengeschichtc U886), II, 165 sqq.; Mortet in La Grande Encydopedie, s. v.
Thos. M. Schwertner.
Echave, Baltasar de, painter, b. at Zumaya, Guipuzcoa, Spain, in the latter part of the sixteenth century; d. in Mexico about the middle of the seven- teenth. As there was a painter of the same name, thought to be his son, he is known as Echave the Elder. He was one of the earliest Spanish artists to reach Mexico, arriving at about the same time, near the end of the sixteenth century, as Sebastian Arteaga and Alonzo Vasquez. He was then a young man, and there is a tradition that his wife, also a painter, was his instructor. Ecliave, whose subjects are chiefly religious, had especial skill in composition, and his best works, which have much charm of colour and tender- ness of treatment, are thought to recall those of Guer- cino. In the galleries of the National Academy of San Carlos, in the City of Mexico, there are some of his be.st pictures, notably "The Adoration of the Magi", "Christ in the Garden", "The Martyrdom of San Aproniano", "The Holy Family", "The Visitation", "The Holy Sepulchre", "Saint Ann and the Virgin",
"The Apparition of Christ and the Virgin to San
Francisco", "The Martyrdom of San Ponciano", and
"Saint Cecilia". In the church of San Jos^ el Real,
generally known as the "Profesa", are several others,
including "St. Isabel of Portugal", while he executed
for the church of Santiago Tlaltelolco fifteen altar-
panels. In the cathedral is his "Candelaria" and a
"San Sebastian", believed to be by his wife. Among
the smaller paintings of Echave is one of San Antonio
Abad with St. Paul, the first hermit. The artist also
had a reputation as an author, among his works being
one on the Biscayan language.
Augustus van Cleef.
Echinus, a titular see of Thessaly, Greece. Echi- nus ("Exims, also 'Ex"'oOs) was situated on the north- ern shore of the Gulf of Lamia (Miiliacus Sinus). To-day it is a small village, Akliinos {'Axtvis), of 500 inhabitants, ui the demos of Phalara and the eparchy of Phthiotis. On the conical hill which rises above the village are remains of the old walls. The city has been destroyed by earthquakes and rebuilt many times, particularly in 426 B. c. and a. d. 551. Philip II of Macedon left it to the Malians, and Philip V took it from the ^Etolians. It was fortified by Justinian. The see, mentioned in "Xotitiae episcopatuum " as late as the twelfth or thirteenth century, was a suffra- gan of Larissa. Three bishops are known: Theodore in 431, Peter in 451, and Aristotle in 459 (Lequien, Oriens christianus, II, 115).
Leake, Northern Greece (London, 1S35), II, 80; Pault-Wis- 80WA, Real-Encyd., s. v.
S. Petrides.
Echtemacta, Abbey op (also Epternach, Lat. EpTERNACENSis), a Bcnedictinc monastery in the town of that name, in the Grand Duchy of Luxem- burg and the Diocese of Trier. It was founded in 698 by St. Willibrord, an English monk of Ripon, who became the Apostle of Friesland and first Bishop of Utrecht. Although a bishop, he ruled the monastery as abbot until his death in 739. The abbey stood near Tier on land given him for the purpose by St. Irmine, Abbess of Oeren and daughter of Dagobert II. It had many royal and other benefactors, including Pepin and Charlemagne, who conferred upon it great priv- ileges. In 859 the monks were displaced by secular canons, as was so often the case with the early monas- teries, but in 971 Emperor Otho I restored the Bene- dictine life there, bringing forty monks thither from the great Abbey of St. Sla.ximin at Trier, one of whom, Ravanger by name, was made abbot. The monastery became very celebrated and was, during the Middle Ages, one of the most important in Northern Europe. It continued to flourish imtil the French Revolution, when it was suppressed, and the monks dispersed. The buildings put up by St. Willibrord were burnt doi\-n in 1017, and a new abbey was then erected. The church was Romanesque in style, but Gothic addi- tions and alterations were made in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. In 1797 it was sold and became a pottery manufactory, but in 1861 it was reacquired by the townspeople, through whose generosity and devotion it was restored and made a parish church. The reconsecration took place with great solemnity in 1868, and since that date the work of restoration and decoration has continued steadily. It is popularly called "the cathedral", though not the seat of a bishop. The conventual buildings, originally erected in 1017-31, have been frequently rebuilt and added to, and they were entirely modernized in 1732. At the suppression they became State property and have for many years served as barracks. The library was noted for a number of precious MSS. of verj' early date which it contained; some of them are now in the Bibliothcqup Nafionale at Paris.
The Dancing Prnrexxion. — The Abbey of Echternach owes much of its fame, especially in modern times,
