ECKHART
274
ECKHEL
Francia; Orientalis et episcopatus Wirceburgensis "
(1729), also in two volumes, an excellent work whose
rich materials are treated with scientific exactness.
BoxiCKE, Grundriss einer Gesckichle von der Univcrsitiil Wurzburg C^'urzburg, 1782), II. 12-27; Allgemeine deutsche Biographic (Leipzig, 1877), V, 627-631.
Patricius Schlager.
Eckhart (Eckard, Ecc.\.rd), Joh.vnn, Meister (the Master), Dominican preacher, theologian, and mystic, b. about 11260 at Hochheim, near Gotha; d. in 1327 at Cologne. He made his philosophical and theological studies in the Dominican Order. Although a profound mystic he was also an able man of affairs, admirably manifesting the spirit of his order by uniting through- out his career great activity with contemplation. After a period of teaching he was made, in 1298, prior of the Dominican convent at Erfurt and vicar-pro- vincial of Thuringia. Two years later he began to lecture at Paris, where in 1302 his order gave him the degree of Master of .Sacred Theology. In the follow- ing year he was elected provincial of the Province of Saxony, to which office he was re-elected in 1307, when he was also appointed vicar-general of Bohemia and charged to reform its convents. His term of office having expired in 1311, he again took a pro- fessorial chair at Paris, whence he went in 1314 to teach at Strasburg. After tliree years he was made prior at Frankfort. He finally returned to the schools in 1320, when he was made first professor of his order at Cologne, where he remained imtil his death.
Eckhart 's activity was also displayed in the pulpit, of which he was an illustrious ornament, and by his writings in the form of treatises and sayings. As a preacher he disdained rhetorical flourish and avoided oratorical passion ; but effectively employed the simple arts of oratory and gave remarkable expression to a hearty sjTnpathy. Using pure language and a simple style, he has left us in his sermons specimens of the beautiful German prose of which he was a master. In these sermons, really short catecheses, we find fre- quent citations from such writers as Seneca and Avi- cenna, as well as from the theologians and Fathers. His discourses are directed to the intellect rather than to the will and are remarkable for their depth of mysti- cal teaching, which only those who were advanced in the spiritual life could fully appreciate. His favour- ite themes are the Divine essence, the relations be- tween God and man, the faculties, gifts, and oper- ations of the human soul, the return of all created things to God. These and kindred subjects he de- velops more at length in his treatises, which partake of the catechetical character of his sermons. In his sayings he presents them in short and pithy form. Although the writings of Eckhart do not present a con- nected and studied system, they reveal the mind of the philosopher, the theologian, and the mystic. The studies of Henry Denifle, O.P., while showing Eck- hart to have been less of a philosopher than he was supposed to be, show also that he was a Scholastic theologian of ver>- superior merit, although not of the first order. He followed the teaching of .Vlbcrt the Great and of St. Thomas Aquinas, but departed from their Scholastic method and form. Some opponents of Scholasticism, admiring his aphorisms and original- ity of method, have pronounced him to be the great- est thmker before Souther. And there have been Protestants who called him a Reformer. It was, how- ever, as a mystic that Eckhart excelled. He is held by many to have been the greatest among the Ger- man mystics, and by all to have been the father of Ciorman mysticism. To Tauler and Suso he gave not only iileas but also a clear, simple style, pos- sessing a heartiness like that of his own. Although he freijuently r|Uotes from the writings of the Pseudo- Areopagite .inclof John Scotus Eriugena, in his mysti- cism he follows more closely the teaching of Hugh of St. Victor.
The very nature of Eckhart's subjects and the un-
technicality of his language were calculated to cause
him to be misunderstood, not only by the ordinary
hearers of his sermons, but also by the Schoolmen who
listened to him or read his treatises. And it must be
admitted that some of the .sentences in his sermons
and treatises were Beghardic, quietistic, or panthe-
istic. But although he occasionally allowed harmful
.sentences to proceed from his lips or his pen. he not
unfrequently gave an antidote in the same sermons
and treatises. And the general tenor of his teaching
shows that he was not a Beghard, nor a quietist, nor
a pantheist. While at Strasburg, although he had
no relations with the Beghards (q. v.), he was sus-
pected of holding their my.stical pantheism. Later,
at Frankfort suspicion was cast upon his moral con-
duct, but it was evidently groundless; for, after an
investigation ordered by the Dominican general, he
was appointed to a prominent position at Cologne.
Finally the charge was made at a general chapter of
his order, held at \'enice in 1325, that some of the
German brethren were disseminating dangerous doc-
trine. Father Nicholas, O.P., of Strasburg, having
been ordered by Pope John XXII to make investiga-
tion, declared in the following year that the works of
Eckhart were orthodox. In January, 1327, Arch-
bishop Heinrich of Cologne undertook an independent
inquiry, whereupon Eckhart and Father Nicholas
appealed to Rome against his action and authority in
the matter. But the next month, from the pulpit of
the Dominican church in Cologne, Eckhart repudiated
the unorthodox sense in which some of his utterances
could be interpreted, retracted all possible errors, and
submitted to the Holy See. His profession of faith,
repudiation of error, and submission to the Holy See
were declared by Pope John XXII in the Bull " Dolen-
tes referimus" (27 March, 1329), by which the pontiff
condemned seventeen of Eckhart's propositions as
heretical, and eleven as ill-sounding, rash, and sus-
pected of heresy (Denzinger, Enchiridion, no. 428
sqq.; Hartzheim, Cone. Germ., IV, 631).
The entire w-orks of Eckhart have not been pre- served. Pfeiffer in "Deutsche Mystiker des 14. Jahr- hunderts" (1857), II. has given an incomplete edition of his .sermons. Additions have been made by Sievers in "Zeitschrift fiir deutsche .\lterthumer", XV, 373 sqq. ; Wackernagel in " .Mtdeutsche Predigten" (1876), 156 sqq., 172 sqq.; Berlinger in " Alemannia", III, 15 sqq.;Bechin"Germania", VIII, 223 sqq. ;X, 391 sqq.; Jundt in "Histoire du Panth^isme" (1875), 231 sqq. There is a translation in High German by Landauer, "Meister Eckharts mystische .Schriften" (1903). Eckhart's Latin works bore the title "Opus Triparti- tinn". In the first part (Opus propositionum) there are over one thousand theses, which are explained in the second part (Opus quiestionimi), and proved in the third part (Opus expositionum). Of these only the three prologues are known. Denifle discovered also a portion of the third part, part of an explanation of Genesis, a commentary on Exodus, Sirach, xxiv, Wisdom, and other fragments.
QiKTiF .wdEohard.. sVri;i(. Ord. /'r.. I. 507-8; Bach. Meisler Eckhardt, der Vaier der dri)f.-<c}n it Sp, riilntion fds Britrag zu einer Cf.scA. der deulschcn Thiol, inul Ph,l. d.r milllrrrn Zril (Vienna, 186-1); Denifle in Zrilschr /. deulschc Allerlh. (188.'i). 259- 66; Idem, MeiMer Eckhort:i laleini-'idie Schriffin nn/i die. Grund- a7U'!chauung scijier Lehre in Archiv fiir Lilliratur tind Kircheng. des Millelallcrs (1886), II. 417-532, 672: Hartmann. Die Ge- heimlehre in der cfiristlichen Religion nach den Erklartingen von Mri.'<ler Eckhort (I-eipziE. 1805); Gkabmann. Die Lehre des hi. Thomas von der "Scintilla aninvr" in ihrer Bedeulung fur die deutsche Mi/stik in Predigerorden in Jahrbuch fiir Phil. u. apek. Then/. (19CiO). XIV, 413-27.
A. L. McMahon.
Eckhel. JiisEPH HiLARius, German numi.smatist, b. 13 January. 1737, at Enzesfeld near Pott<>nslcin, in Lower .\ustria. where his father. Johann .\nton Eckhel. was steward to the Prince of Montccuculi; d. 16 May, 1798. In 1745 he was sent to studv in Vienna
