EMILIANI
404
EMMANUEL
tained natives of France, Poland, Bohemia, and other
Slavonic sections of the Austro-Iiungarian Monarchy.
The St. Raphael Society has its agents at Bremen,
Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Havre, Liverpool,
and London, representatives in every diocese in Ger-
many, and correspondents in all the large cities of the
United States and of South America.
The Austrian Society of New York was founded in 189S by a number of former Austrians to aid the newly arrived immigrants at Ellis Island, and to maintain a home under its super\'ision for the purpose of boarding them free of charge. Those who can afford it pay a nominal fee. Advice and help to employment is given free not only to the newcomers, but also to Austrians who have been in the country for any length of time. The Society is supported by the dues of the members and by donations including an annual subsidy of SoOOO from the Austrian Government. Among the members are twenty-one priests. The Austrian Soci- ety employs three agents at Ellis Island; one of them is the missionary who pleads before the board of in- quirj' for the unfortimate detained, cares for the sick, and looks after the spiritual needs of all. In the ten years of its existence 721,631 persons were entertained at its immigrant house. To maintain the Catholic character of the home and of the Austrian Society at large, as originally intentled by the Emperor of Aus- tria, it has from the start been chiefly interested in the Catholic immigrants, but all others are welcome to its care and facihties.
Polish priests ministering in the Eastern section of the L'nited States established at Xew York, in 1893, the St. Joseph's Society, for the aid and care of the im- migrants of that nationality. Its chaplain and agents work on the same lines as those of other societies of the Government landing station. Its home is in charge of the FUician Sisters, and its accommodations are free. Its support is derived from voluntary contributions and a yearly grant of SIOOO from the Austrian Govern- ment on account of the Poles from Galicia who may seek the assistance of the home.
L'nder the auspices of the Fathers of Mercy the Jeanne d'Arc Home for the protection of French immi- grant women was opened in 1S95, in New York. It was founded through the generosity of Miss C. T. Smith, who gave the home as a memorial of her mother Mrs. Jeanne Durand Smith. Two years later the Sisters of Divme Providence took charge of it, and they have since managed its affairs. Since its establish- ment 6S00 women have received its care. It is sup- ported by voluntan,- contributions. The inmates pay if they can, most of them are taken care of gratui- tously. Emplo^mient is found for them and they are taught useful domestic arts.
As part of the great work in behalf of Italian immi- grants undertaken bj' Bishop Scalabrini of Piacenza, Italy, members of his Congregation of St. Charles Bor- romeo established the Society of St. Raphael for Ital- ian Immigrants at Xew York in 1S91. Its home is managed by the Sisters of Charity (Pallottine). Only women and children are kept there; men are given meals and advice, but lodge elsewhere. The chaplain and agent meet the immigrants at Ellis Island. A branch of this societ}' was organized at Boston, in 1902. In December, 190S, Archbishop Blenk of Xew Orleans appointed an Italian priest as chaplain to look after immigrants fromltalyand open a home forthem. Work here is carried on by the St. Vincent de Paul Society.
The Society for Italian Immigrants is a secular cor- poration organized in Xew York in 1901 for the aid and protection of immigrants. It has no religious affili- ations. The Italian government makes it an annual appropriation equal to the amount received from all other sources, and its income is derived from the sub- scriptions of those interested in philanthropic work. Its home has accommodations for 200. It has
founded four schools in Italian labour camps to pre-
vent the demoralization usually attending those com-
nnmitics. The enormous volume of Italian immigra-
tion during recent years may be realized from the fact
that from ISSO to 1908 it amounted to 2,500,000. In
1857 it was about 1000; in ISSO it was 12,000; in 1907,
286.000. It is estimated that 2.50,000 ahens arrived
in the United States between 17S9 and 1820. From
1S20, when the official records begin, to the end of the
fiscal year, 30 June, 1907, the number of immigrants
arriving was 25,985,237.
The Association for the Protection of Belgian and Dutch Immigrants was organized 4 June, 1907, at Chicago, Illinois, by priests in charge of congregations in various sections of the United States, made up of those nationalities. Other priests interested in the spiritual and temporal welfare of the Catholic immi- grants from Belgium and Holland assisted in its progress.
U. S. Cath. Hist. Soc, Hecords and Studies (New York, Jan. 1S99), I, pt. I: The Am. Catholic HUl. Researches (Philadelphia. July, 1901); Cri.mmi.\-s. Early Celebrations of St. Patrick's Day (New York, 1902); Schwenninger, Kalholikentag, Central Verein, Raphael's Verein. Leo Haus (.\ew York. 1S90); Annual Reports of the various Emigrant .^iil Societies; Reports of the U. S. Industrial Commission on Immigration; Walker, Re- striction of Immigration in The Atlantic .Monthly. LXXVII, 23; McNicHOLAS. The Xeed of American Priests for the Italian Mis- sions in Eccles. Rei-iew (Philadelphia. Dec, 1908); Lynch, In the Italian Quarter of New York in The Messenger (New York, 1901), 115-126. THOM.A.S F. MeEH.\N.
Emiliani, Girol.vmo, Saint. See Jerome Emilian, Saint.
Emly, Diocese of. See Cashel.
Emly, Lord. See Monsell, Willlam.
Emmanuel (Sept.. 'E/j./xavov-qX; Heb. ^NUOy; A. v., Immanuel) signifies "God with us" (Matt., i, 23), and is the name of the child predicted in Is., vii, 14: "Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel". The vari- ous views advanced as to the identity of the child can- not be fully explained and discussed here: the follow- ing observations must suffice: (1) The child is not a merely ideal or metaphorical person; he cannot be identified with the regenerate people of Israel (Hoff- mann), nor with religious faith (Porter), for " he shall eat butter and honey". (2) The Prophet does not re- fer to a child in general, but points to an individual (cf. Roorda, Kuenen, W. R. Smith, Smend, Duhm, Chejme, Marti); both text and context require this. (3) The child is not a son of the Prophet Isaias (cf . Hit- zig, Reuss); Is. viii, 1—1, shows that the Prophet's son has a name different from that of Emmanuel. (4) The child is not a son of Achaz (cf. Lagarde, Mc- Curdy) ; for Ezechias did not possess the most essen- tial characteristics of Emmanuel as described by Isaias. (5) The Emmanuel is the Messias foretold in the other prophecies of Isaias. In Is., viii, 8, Palestine is called the land of Emmanuel, though in other pas- sages it is termed the land or the inheritance of Yah- weh (Is., xiv, 2, 25; xlvii, 6; Osee, ix, 3; Jer., ii, 7; xii, 14; etc.), so that Emmanuel and Yahweh are identi- fied. Again, in the Hebrew te.xt of Is., viii, 9, 10, the Prophet predicts the futility of all the enemies' schemes against Palestine, because of Emmanuel. In ix, 6, 7, the characteristics of the child Emmanuel are so clearly described that we can doubt no longer of his Messianic mission. The eleventh chapter jiictures the Messianic blessings which the child Emmanuel will bring upon the earth. Moreover, St. Matthew (i, 23) expressly identifies the Emmanuel with Jesus the Messias, and Christian tradition has constantly taught the same doctrine.
The question why the Messias was called Emman- uel, or " God with us", admits of a double answer: the name is a pledge of Divine help, and also a description of the nature of the Messias. King .\chaz had not be- lieved the Prophet's first promise of deli\erance from
