schools which are known by the name of King Edward VI. We have now learned that not one of these schools was originally of Edwardian creation (see Leach, "English Schools at the Reformation"). Educational resources had already been seriously impaired under Henry VIII, and "the schools which bear the name of Edward VI owe nothing to him or his government but a more economic establishment. A good many of them had been chantry schools, for if the chantry priest of old wasted his time in singing for souls he not infrequently did good work as a school-master." So says a judicious summarizer of Mr. Leach's researches.
There can be no doubt that these violent measures provoked a reaction. Already in 1549 there had been serious insurrections all over the country, and more particularly in Devonshire and in Norfolk. On the death of the boy king, in July, 1553, an attempt was made by Northumberland to secure the succession for Lady Jane Grey, but Mary, at least for the time, had the people completely with her, and now it was the turn of Bonner, Gardiner, and the Catholic reaction. Overtures were made to the reigning pope, Julius III, and eventually Cardinal Pole, whose mission as legate was unfortunately delayed by the Emperor Charles V for diplomatic reasons connected with the marriage of Queen Mary to his son Philip II, reached England in November, 1554, where he was warmly received. After the Houses of Parliament through the king and queen had petitioned humbly for reconciliation with the Holy See, Pole, on St. Andrew's day, November 30, 1554, formally pronounced absolution, the king and queen and all present kneeling to receive it. The restoration of ecclesiastical property confiscated during the previous reign was not insisted upon.
The reign of Mary is, unfortunately, chiefly remembered by the severity with which the statutes against heresy, now revived by Parliament, were put into force. Cranmer had been previously sentenced to death for high treason, and the sentence seems to have been politically just, but it was not at once executed. There seems to have been no desire upon the part of Mary or any of her chief advisers for cruel reprisals, but the reactionary forces always at work seem to have frightened them into sterner measures, and, as a result, Cranmer, Latimer, Ridley, and a multitude of less conspicuous offenders, most of them only after refusal to recant their heresies, were condemned and executed at the stake. No one has judged this miserable epoch of persecution more leniently than the historian who of all others has made himself live in the spirit of the times. Dr. James Gairdner, stanch Anglican as he is, in his recent work, "Lollardy and the Reformation", seems only to press farther the apology which he has previously offered for their terrible measures of repression. Thus he says: "With all this one might imagine that it was not easy for Mary to be tolerant of the new religion, and yet tolerant she was at first, as far as she well could be.... The case was simply that there were a number of persons determined not to demand mere toleration for themselves, but to pluck down what they called idolatry everywhere and to keep the Edwardine service in the parish churches in defiance of all authority, and even of the feelings of their fellow parishioners. In short, there was a spirit of rebellion still in the land which had its root in religious bitterness; and if Mary was to reign in peace, and order to be upheld, that spirit must be repressed. Two hundred and seventy-seven persons are recorded to have been burnt in various parts of England during those sad three years and nine months, from the time the persecution began to the death of Mary. But the appalling number of the sufferers must not blind us altogether to the provocation. Nor must it be forgotten that if it be once judged right to pass an Act of Parliament it is right to put it in force." And as the same authority elsewhere says, "Amongst the victims no doubt, there were many true heroes and really honest men, but many of them would have been persecutors if they had had their way." Queen Mary died November 17, 1558, and Cardinal Pole passed away on the same day twelve hours later.
To discuss at any length the monastic chronicles, the charters, rolls, and other records which constitute the ultimate sources of our information regarding the medieval history of England would be out of place in the present article. Only a small selec- tion can in any case be made of the many serviceable works that have been published in recent years. It will be convenient to set down first the names of some Catholic books and studies which the reader is likely to find generally useful, and then to add a section of miscellaneous works and of books written from a standpoint which is at any rate not distinctively Catholic.
Catholic—Lrixearn, History of England (10 vols., London 1849); Rexe. Life of St. Anselm (2 vols., London, 1883); Racey. Histoire de S. Anselme (2 vols., Paris, 1890); Detarc. Le Saint- Stége e la conquéte d' Angleterre in Rerue des Quest. Histor., XLI (1887); Racey, Eadmer (Paris, 1892); Morris, Life of St. Thomas Beckett (London, 1885); L’Huriurr, S. Thomas de Canterbury (Paris, 1891); THurstox, Life of St. Hugh of Lincoln (London, 1898); Bisrop, Cathedral Canons in Dublin Review (London, 1898), CXXTII; Watxace, Life of St. Edmund (Lon- don, 1893); Warp. St. Edmund Archbishop of Canterbury (Lon- don, 1903); De Paravictn, Life of St. Edmund of Abingdon (London, 1898); KNeLLER, Des Richard Lowenherz deutsche Gefangenschaft (Freiburg, 1893); FELTeN, Robert Grosseeste Bischof von Lincoin (Freiburg, 1887); Gasquet, H enry Il and the Church (London. 1905); STRICKLAND, Ricerche storiche sopra ud B. Bontfacio Archivescovo di Cantorbery (Turin, 1895): Pater, Fasti Ordinis FF. Predicatorum (London, 1878): Moyes, How English Bishops were made before the Reformation in The Table, Nov., 1893, and many other articles in the same peri- odical; Gasquet, The Great Pestilence (London. 1893); Ip., The Old English Bible and other Essays Geudee 1897); STEVENSON, The Truth about John Wyclif (London, 1885); Stone, Reforma- tion and Renaissance Studies (London, 19014); Gasacet, The Eve of the Reformation (London, 1900): Brincetr, Life of Blessed John Fisher (London, 1885); In., Life and Writings of Str Thomas More (London, 1891); Gasquet, Henry VU and the English Monasteries (London, 1888): Rivincton, Rome and Ergland (London, 1897); Brincetr, Blunders and F, ‘orgeries
London, 1893); Gasaqvet. The Last Abbot of Glastonbury (Lon-
lon, 1895); Ip. (ed.), CospEen, Hist. of the Reformation: Stoxe. Mary I of England (London, 1901): ZIMMERMANN, Kardinal Pole, sein Leben und seine Schriften (Ratisbon. 1893); Gasquet axp Bisnop, Edward VI and the Book of Common Prayer (Lon- don, 1890.
Upon the religious life of England generally. see: BripceTt, History of the Holy Eucharist in Great Britain (new ed., 1908); Gasquet, Parish Life in Medieval England (London, 1906); Waterton, Pietas Mariana Britannica (London, 1879); Brivcett. Our Lady's Dowry (London, 1875); Gasqvet, Eng- lish Monastic Life (London, 1904); Taunton, The E: nglish Black Monks of St. Benedict (2 yols., London, 1897); Gasquet, Arch- bishop Morton and St. Albans in The Tablet, Oct. 17, 1908, and Jan. 23, 1909; but cf. GarrpNerR in Eng. Hist. Rer., Jan., 1909.
Among shorter Histories of England written from a Catholic standpoint. may be mentioned: BURKE, Abridgment of Lingard, re-edited and continued by Brrr (London, 1903): Atutes, His- tory of the Church in England (London, 1902); Cath. TRUTH Socrery, A Short History of the Church in England (London 1895); Gasquet, Short Hist. of the Cath. Church in England (London, 1903); Wratr-Davies, School H tstory of England f Eitan 1902); Srone, The Church in Eng. History (London,
907).
Non-Catholic Works.—Of general histories, three different series produced within the last few vears may be recommended as representative of the best modern scholarship and as aiming conscientiously at impartiality in the treatment of religious questions: The Political History of England, of which the five vol- umes reaching from 54 B. c. to a. D. 1547 are written respec- tively by T. Hopexry, G. B. Anans, T. F. Tour, C. Oman, H. A. L. Fister (London, 1904-1905).—Mr. Tout's volume in par- ticular is excellent.—A History of England in Six Volumes.— The first four volumes, reaching from the beginning to the age of Elizabeth, are written respectively by C. Oman. H. W. C. Davis, OWEN Epwarps, and A. D. Ixxes (London, 1905-1906). By far the best contribution in this series is that of Mr. Davis.— A History of the English Church.—The first four volumes, which extend to the death of Queen Mary. have respectively for au- thors W. Hunt, Deas Sternens. Canon Capes. and Dr. J. GatpsEr (London, 1901-1902). Dr. Gairdner’s work is indis- pensable to the student of the Reformation period.—The works of the Iste BrsHor Stunns have exercised an immense influ- ence on historicsl study in England. The most noteworthy are the Constitutional History (3 vols.); the Select Charters, and the Prefaces to various contributions to the Rolls Series {e. g., Hovepen, BENEnct, etc.), which have lately been collected and published separately. Stubbs’s views on the tenure of land ete. during the Norman period are now somewhat out of date, but the chief defect of his work from a Catholie or of view is his adherence to the fiction of a national English Church inde- Parent of Rome.—FREEmMaN, Norman Conquest (5 vols.) and
Wiliam Rufus {2 vols.) show an immense command of detail. but are biassed by the author's rather eccentric views of British imperialism. Many of the less reliable conclusions of Stubbs and Freeman will be found corrected in the works of MAITIAND,
