ENSINGEN
479
ENTHRONIZATION
the wonderful power of that foremost of the liberal
arts, by which a guilty man is made to appear inno-
cent, and vice versa. He illustrates his own method
in a few declamatory exercises called "Dictiones";
they deal with themes once the deliglit of pagan rhet-
oricians, e. g. grief of Thetis on beholding the corpse
of Achilles; Menelaus contemplating the ruins of
Troy; the lament of Dido forsaken by j^^neas, etc.
Again, with all the resources of liis rhetoric he de-
nounces a man who placed a statue of Minerva in a
place of ill-repute; a player who gambled away tlie
field in which his parents lay buried; etc. He shared
the popular fallacy of his contemporaries who saw in
the reign of Theodoric a revival of the Roman Empire
under the control of men of letters. Ennodius re-
mained to the end faithful to the academic traditions
of the Roman schools, whose mythological apparatus
he was the last to retain; thus in an epithalamium he
describes the beauty of the nude Venus, and makes
love argue against virginity. Nevertheless, he refutes
elsewhere the fables of the poets and points out that
the understanding of the Christian Scriptures is the
highest intellectual ideal. In him are visible the two
tendencies whose conflict is never quite absent from
Christian life; outwardly he remains true to classic
tradition. His diction is exuberant and florid, but oc-
casionally manifests vigour. The best editions of his
writings are those of Hartel, in the sixth volume of the
"Corpus ecclesiasticorum latinorum" (Vienna, 1881),
and of Vogel in " Monumenta Germanise Hist.: Auct."
(Berlin, 1885), VII.
Maoani, Ennodio (Pa\-ia, 1886); Tanzi, La chronoloffia degli acrilli di Ennodio (Trieste. 1889); Hasenstab, &'(udicn zu En- nodius (Munich. 1S90); Vogel in the Neues Archiv fur illlere deiUsche Geschichtskunde (1898), XXIII, 51; MAcniRE, Si. En- nodius and the Papal Supnmacy in Am. Cath. Quart. Rev., XXVI. 317, 523; Bardenhewer, Palrology, tr. Shahan (Frei- burg im Br., St. Louis, 1908), 622-24.
Paul Lejat.
Ensingen (Ensinger), Ulrich, belonged to a family of architects who came from Einsingen near Ulm,'Wurtemberg, and who shared as master-builders in the construction of the most important Gothic buildings of the fifteenth century in Southern Ger- many. Ulrich, the founder of the family, is known from the year 1.391; d. at Strasburg, 10 Feb., 1-119. Apparently he learned his craft in the stonemason's guild of Ulm, and was al.so, perhaps, a pupil of Master Heinrich the Younger of Ulm. In 1.391 he was asked to take charge of the work on the Milan cathedral, but he seems at that time to have stayed in Ulm, where he was architect of the cathedral until his death. At first his engagement at Ulm was for five years only, but in 1.397 he was appointed master architect for life. Ulrich completed the choir, began the nave, and made the ground-plan of the tower. In 139-1-95 he worked on the cathedral of Milan, but, disagreeing with the Duke of Milan as to questions of artistic detail, he went back to Ulm. His connexion with the work on the Strasburg cathedral, however, lasted longer; at Stra.s- burg he was master-builder during 1399-1419 and built the north tower from the platform to the great window. At the same time he completed the nave and the lower part of the tower of the church of (Jur Lady at Esslingen. Besides two daughters Ulrich had three sons; his sons all followed the calling of their father. At first they used Ulrich's official title Kirchenmeixler as a family name, but later adopted that of Ensingen (Ensinger).
(2) Caspar Ensingen was the oldest son; very little is known of him.
(3) Matthia.s Ensingen, another son, d. 14.38. There is evidence that he was employed on the Ulm cathedral from 1427 and at Esslingen during 1436-38.
(4) MatthXu.s Ensingen, the youngest and most gifted son, can be traced during the years 1420-1403. In 1420 he worked at Strasburg; in the same year he was appointed master-builder for the work on the
minster at Berne. The cornerstone of this was laid in
1421, and Matthaus conducted the work until 1449.
In addition he had his father's position as architectat
Esslingen (1419-1463). It can be proved that he was
engaged on the cathedral of Ulm from 1440, but it was
not until 1451 that he had charge of its construction
as master-builder; before this last appointment he
worked (1449-51) on the cathedral at Strasburg with-
out occupying any well-defined position. On the Ulm
cathedral he completed the vaulting of the choir and
built the tower as high as the nave. During his last
years he was for a short time again at Berne.
(5) ViNCENZ Ensingen, son of Matthaus, employed at Berne from 1448; during 1402-85 he worked at Constance, and in 1472 he built the small cloister at Basle.
Klemm, Wilrtlemberg. Bauvieister und Bildhauer in Wiirttem- bergische Vierteljahrsheft (Stuttgart, 1882), V, 55 sqq., 61 sqq.; Kraus, Kunst und Altertum in ELsass-Lothringen, I, 385 sqq., 699, 701.
Joseph Sauer.
Entablature. — A superstructure which lies horizon- tally upon the columns in classic architecture. It is divided into three parts: the architrave (the support- ing member carried from column to column) ; the frieze (the decorative portion); and the cornice (the crowning and projecting member). Each of the orders has its appropriate entablature, of which both the general height and the subdivisions are regulated by a scale of proportion derived from the diameter of the column. It is occasionally used to complete, architecturally, the upper portion of a wall, even when there are no columns, and in the case of pilasters or detached or engaged columns is sometimes profiled round them.
Anderson and Spiers, Architecture of Greece and Rome (Lon- don, 1903). 278; Parker, Glossary of Architecture (Oxford and London, 1845).
Thomas H. Poole.
Enthronization (from Greek ivBpovl^dv, to place on a throne). — This word has been employed in dif- ferent meanings: (1) formerly, it meant the solemn placing of the relics upon the altar of a church which was to be consecrated, hence a newly consecrated church was called naos enthroniasmenos (mis ivBpo- vMiiiivos). (2) In the Middle Ages we find the inihronizalio matrimonii, or enthronization of mar- riage, which was nothing else than the blessing in the nuptial Mass (benedich'orauirfiarum). (3) In the East it was employed, but seldom, to denote the induction into a parochial benefice. (4) It was used especially to designate the ceremony of enthronization which accompanies the consecration of a bishop. After receiving episcopal consecration, the newly conse- crated bishop was solemnly conducted to the episcopal throne, of which he took possession. He received the kiss of peace and listened to the reading of a passage of Holy Scripture, whereupon he pronounced an address or sermo inlhronisticus. The letters which it was cus- tomary for him to send to the other bishops in token of his being in communion with them in the same faith, were called lilterce inlhronisticce, or syllabai etithronisti- kai (o-i/Wa^ai ivepovtaTtKal), and the gifts which it was customary for him to present to the bishops who had consecrated him, and to those who had taken part in the ceremonies were called the inthronisticon (ivBpovuTTLKbv). At present, after the consecration has taken place, the new bishop is conducted by the consecrating bishop and one of the assistants to the throne occupied by the consecrator during the ceremony, or to the seat usually taken by the bishop, if the consecration has taken place in the cathedral church. The enthronization can also take place in- dependently of the consecration; in this case, the bishop, after taking his seat upon the throne, receives there the homage of all ecclesiastics present in the cathedral. These ceremonies have no longer the
