EUROPUS
614
EUSEBIUS
religious statistics for the countries of Europe found
in the adjoining taljle are based on Brachelli and
von Juraschek, "Die Staaten Europas" (5th ed.,
Leipzig, Briinn, and Vienna, 1907).
Th.vtcher and ScHWlLL, A General History of Europe, 350- 1900 (London, 1902); Hassal, A Handbook oj European His- tory, I,7G-1S71 (London, 1902); Kirsch and von Luksch, II- lustrierte Geschichte der katholischen Kirche (Munich, 19()5>; Philippson, Europa (2nd ed., Leipzig and Vienna, 1906); Hettner, Grundzitge der Ldnderkunde, I, Europa (Leipzig, 1907). See also the bibliography under the names of the re- spective countries.
Otto Hartig.
Europus, a titular see in Provincia Eiiphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis. The former name of this city was Thapsacus (Thaphsakh), an Araraean word which means "ford"; it was an important trade-centre at t)ie northern limit of Solomon's kingdom (III K., iv, 24). The younger Cyrus and Alexander the Great forded the Euphrates at this point. The Macedonians called it Amphipolis. It took finally a third name, Europos, imder which it is mentioned by the geog- raphers Ptolemy, Pliny, Hierocles, Georgius Cyprius, etc. and figures in the "Notitia episcopatuum" of the Antiochene patriarchate. (See Echos d'Orient, 1907, 1-15.) We know but one of its Greek bishops, in 451 (Lequien, Oriens christ., II, 949), and a Jacobite one, between 793 and 817 (Revuede I'Orient Chretien, 1S99, 451). Justinian built a fortress at Europus (Procop., De ffidif., II, 9). When the city was destroyed is un- known. Its ruins stand at Djerabis, a corrupled form of Europos, on the right bank of the Euphrates, about twenty-five kilometres south of Biredjik, in the vilayet of .\leppo.
Hoffmann, Atiszuge aus Akten Pers. Marlyrer, 161; Sachau, Beise in Syrien und Mesopotamicn, 16S.
S. Vailhe, Eusebianites. See Eusebius of Nico.media. Eusebius, Saint, Bishop of Vcrcelli, b. in Sardinia c. 2S3; d. at Vercelli, Pietlmont, 1 August, 371. He was made lector in Rome, where he lived some time, probably as a member, or head, of a religious com- munity (Sprcitzenhofer, Die Entwickelung des alten Monchtums in Italien, Vienna, 1S94, 14 sq.). Later he came to VercelUe, the present Vercelli, and in 340 was unanimously elected bishop of that city by the clergy and the people. He received episcopal conse- cration at the hands of Pope Julius I on 15 December of the same year. According to the testimony of St. Ambrose (Ep. Ixiii, .\d Vercellenses) he was the first bishop of the West who united monastic with clerical life. He led with the clergy of his city a common life modelled upon that of the Eastern cenol)ites (St. Ambrose, Ep. Ixxxi and Serm. Lxxxix). For this rea- son the Canons Regular of St. Augustine honour him along with St. Augustine as their founder (Proprium Canon. Reg., 16 December).
In 354 Pope Libcrius sent Eusebius and Bishop Lucifer of Cagliari to the Emperor Constantius, who was then at .\rles in Gaul, for the purpose of inducing the emperor to convoke a coinicil which shoidd put an end to the dissensions between the .\rians and the orthodox. The synod was held at Milan in 355. At first Eusebius refused to attend it because he foresaw that the Arian bishops, who were supported by the emperor, would not accept the decrees of the Nicene Coiuicil and would insist on the condemnation of St. Athanasius. Being pressed by the emperor and the bishops to appear at the si^-nod, he came to Milan, but was not admitted to the synod until the document condemning St. Athanasius had been dra\^^^ up and was awaiting the sigti:it\ire of the bishops. Eusel)ius vehemently protested against the unjust condemna- tion of St. Athanasius and, despite the threats of the emperor, refused to attach his signature to the docu- ment. As a result lie was sent into exile, first to Scythopolis in Syria, where the Arian Bishop Patro-
philus, whom Eusebius calls his jailer (Baronius,
Annal., ad ann. 356, n. 97), treated him very cruelly,
then to Cappadocia, and lastly to the Thebaid. On
the accession of the Emperor Julian, the exiled bishops
were allowed to return to their sees, in 362. Eusebius,
however, and his brother-exile Lucifer did not at once
return to Italy. Acting either by force of their
former legatine faculties or, as is more probable, hav-
ing received new legatine facidties from Pope Liberius,
they remained in the Orient for some time, helping to
restore peace in the Church. Eusebius went to Alex-
andria to consult with St. Athanasius about convoking
the synod which, in 362, was held there inider their
joint presidency. Besides declaring the Divinity of
the Holy Gliost and the orthodo.x doctrine concerning
the Incarnation, the syiiod agreed to deal mildly with
the repentant apostate bishops, but to impose severe
penalties upon the leaders of the several Arianizing
factions. At its close Eusebius went to Antioch to
reconcile the Eustathians and the Meletians. The
Eustathians were adherents of the bishop, St. Eusta-
thius, who was deposed and exiled by the Arians in
331. Since Meletius's election in 361 was brought
about chiefiy by the Arians, the Eustathians would
not recognize liim, although he solemnly proclaimed
his orthodox faith from the ambo after his episcopal
consecration. The Alexandrian synod had desired
that Eusebius should reconcile the Eustathians with
Bishop Meletius, by purging his election of whatever
might have been irregular in it, but Eusebius, upon
arriving at Antioch, found that his brother-legate
Lucifer had consecrated Paidinus, the leader of the
Eustathians, as Bishop of Antioch, and thus unwit-
tingly frustrated the pacific ilesign. Unable to recon-
cile the factions at Antioch, he visited other Churches
of the Orient in the interest of tlte orthodo.x faith, and
finally passed through Illyricum into Italy. Having
arrived at Vercelli in 363, he assisted the zealous St.
Hilary of Poitiers in the suppression of Arianism in the
Western Church, and was one of the chief opponents
of the Arian Bishop Auxentius of Milan. The Church
honours him as a martyr and celebrates his feast as a
semi-double on 16 December. In the "Journal of
Theological Studies" (1900), I, 302-99, E. A. Burn
attributes to Eusebius the "Quicumque". (See
Athanasi.^n Creed.)
Three short letters of Eusebius are printed in Migne, P. L., XII, 947-54, and X, 713-14. St. Jerome (De vir. ill., 0. xcvi, and Ep. li, n. 2) ascribes to him a Latin translation of a commentary on the Psalms, written originally in Greek by Eusebius of Citsarea; but this work has been lost. There is preserved in the cathe- dral of Vercelli the "Codex Vercellensis ", the earliest manuscript of the Old Latin Gospels (codex a), which is generally believetl to have been written by Euse- bius. It was published by Irico (Milan, 1748) and Bianchini (Rome, 1749), and is reprinted in Migne, P. L., XII, 9-948; a new edition was brought out by Belshcim (Christiania, 1894). Kriiger (Lvicifer, "Bischof von Calaris", Leipzig, 1886, 118-30) as- cribes to Eusebius a baptismal oration published by Caspari (Quellen zur Gesch. des Taufsymbols, Chris- tiania, 1869, II, 132-40). The confession of faith "De s. trinitate confessio", P. L., XII, 959-968, some- times nsoril)ed to Eusebius, is spurious.
Br n I i /: . ^ .1/ llic Saints, 15 Dec; Baring-Gould, Lives of tin -III ir,.; Davies, io Diet. Christ. Biogr.; St. Jer- OMi /• , /<!(.>:, xcvi; VKnnv.mvs, Vitas. Eusebiiepis-
copi']',^^!:,ii .,i i\"ercelli, 1609); Uohelli, Italia Sacra (Ven. ice. 1719), IV, 7-19-61; Baroxios, Annales, ad ann. 3.')S-37l .MOKIN in Rev'ie Bfru'dicline (Maredsous, 1890), VII, 567-73. S^>^n, Gli anlichi veaeovi d'ltalia {Piemonle) (Turin, 1899), 412-20, 514-54; Bardenhkwer, Pa(ro;o(7ic, Shahan tr. (Frei- burg ini Br.; St. Louis. 1908), 417-18.
Michael Ott.
Busebius, Saint, Bishop of Samosata (now Sam- sat), in Syria; date of birth unknown; d. in 379 or 380. History makes no mention of him before the year 361,
