785
FARFA
(Li^ge. 1862); Westermahck's work contains a very large bib-
liography on the anthropological and sociological aspects of the
subject. HowAED, History of Matrimonial Institutions (Chi-
cago, 1904). John A. Ryan.
Fan, Ecclesiastical. See Flabellum.
Fano, Diocese or (Fanensis). — Fano, the an- cient Fanum Fortuni-e, a city of the Marches in the province of Pesaro, Italy, took its name from a cele- brated temple of Fortune, which also served as a lighthouse, on the site now occupied by the church of Santa Lucia. Near this city, in 207 B.C., Claudius Nero defeated Hasdrubal; Augustus founded a colony there called Julia Fanensis; and, in 271, Aurelian anni- hilated there the AJamanni. Ruins of the Temple of Fortune are still visible, also of a temple of Jupiter, the basilica designed and described by Vitruvius (De jedif ., V, i), and a triumphal arch of Augustus, en- larged by Constantine 11 in .340. Fano was part of the Pentapolis and with it passed in the eighth century under the domination of the Holy See. The Alber- ghetti governed it as magistrates during the thirteenth century. From 1.306 the Malatesta ruled over it, but in 1463 Federigo di Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, after having almost destroyed the city, expelled' Sigis- mondo Malatesta. Later the Comneni held almost independent sway.
St. Paternianus is venerated as the first Bishop of Fano and is supposed to have been appointed by Pope Sylvester I. St. Vitalis flourished in the time of Pope Symmachus (498-514). Eusebius accompanied Pope John I to Constantinople (526). Leo and St. Fortu- natus belong to the period of St. Gregory the Great. The date of St. Orsus is uncertain. Among the later bishops were Riccardo (1214), persecuted by the magistrate Alberghetti; and the Dominican Pietro Bertano (1537), a distinguished orator and advocate at the Council of Trent. Fano is an exempt diocese (see Diocese) and has 55,275 inhabitants, 45 par- ishes, 1 educational institution for girls, 6 religious houses of men, and 8 of women.
Cappelletti. La Chirsp. d' Italia (Venice, 1844), VII, 321-43; Amiani, Mcmorie istoricke di Fano (Fano, 17.51).
U. Benigni.
Fanon, a shoulder-cape worn by the pope alone, consisting of two pieces of white silk ornamented with narrow woven stripes of red and gold; the pieces are nearly circular in shape but somewhat unequal in size and the smaller is laid on and fastened to the larger one. To allow the head to pass through there is made in the middle a round opening with a vertical slit run- ning down farther. The front part of the fanon is ornamented with a small cross embroidered in gold.
The fanon is like an amice; it is, however, put on not under but above the alb. The pope wears it only when celebrating a solemn pontifical Mass, that is, only when all the pontifical vestments are used. The manner of putting on the fanon recalls the method of assuming the amice universal in the Middle Ages and still observed by some of the older orders (see Amice). After the deacon has vested the pope with the usual amice, alb, the cingulum and sub-cinctorium, and the pectoral cross, he draws on, by means of the opening, the fanon and then turns the half of the upper piece towards the back over the pope's head. He now vests the pope with the stole, tunicle, dalmatic, and chasu- ble, then turns down that part of the fanon which had been placed over the head of the pope, draws the front half of the upper piece above the tunicle, dalmatic, and chasuble, and finally arranges the whole upper piece of the fanon so that it covers the shoulders of the pope like a collar.
The fanon is mentioned in the oltlest known Roman Ordinal, conse()uently its use in the eiglith cpiit ury can be proved. It was then called (innliiilnijlum (niutgota- gium), yet it was not at that period a vestment re- served for the use of the pope. This limitation of its use did not appear until the other ecclesiastics at v.— 50
Rome began to put the vestment on under the alb
instead of over it, that is, when it became customary
among the clergy to use the fanon as an ordinary
amice. This happened, apparently in imitation of the
usage outside of Rome, between the tenth and twelfth
centuries; however, the exact date cannot be given.
But it is certain that as early as the end of the twelfth
century the fanon was worn solely by the pope, as is
evident from the express statement of Innocent III
(1198-1216). The vestment was then called an orale; the
name of fanon, from the late Latin fano, derived from
pnnnus, -n-tivos, cloth, woven fabric, was not used until
a subsequent age. Even as early as the eighth century
the pope wore the fanon only at solemn high Mass. The
present usage, according to which the pope Ls vested,
in addition to the fanon, with an amice under the alb,
did not appear, at the earliest, until the close of the
Middle Ages.
As to the form of the fanon and the material from which it was made in early times no positive informa- tion exists. Late in the Middle Ages it was made of white silk, as is shown by the inventory of the year 1295 of the papal treasure, as well as by numerous works of art; the favourite ornamentation was one of narrow stripes of gold and of some colour, especially red, woven into the silk. Up into the fifteenth century the fanon was square in shape; the present collar-like form seems to have appeared about the sixteenth cen- tury or even later.
GiOKfU, l.iliiniin R.mani Ponlificis (Rome, 1731), T; Bracn, Die p<:iililiknl,'ii (;<ir„nder des Abend'.andrs (Freiburg im Br., 1898); I HEM, /'c lit urgische Gewandung im Occident und Orient (Freiburg iiii Br,, 1907). JOSEPH BraUN.
Faraud, Henri, titular Bishop of An^mour and first Vicar Apostolic of Athabasca-Mackenzie, Canada; b. 17 March, 1823, at Gigondas, France; d. at St. Boni- face, Manitoba, 26 Septemljer, 1890. After admis- sion to the juniorate of the Oblates of Mary Immacu- late, and while still in minor orders, he was sent to the missions of Northern America, and ordained priest, 8 May, 1847, at St. Boniface, Manitoba. Then he re- placed Father (afterwards Bishop) Lafleche at Ile-a- la-Crosse, and in 1849 he proceeded further North, es- tablishing the mission of Lake Athabasca, which he inaugurated 8 September, 1851. The following year, he visited Great Slave Lake, where no missionary had ever been, and ministered to the Indians of Peace River (1858-59). On the 13th of May,_1862, he was made titulary of the newly created Vicariate Apostolic of Athabasca-Mackenzie; but such was his isolation from the civilized world, that he did not know of it be- fore July of the foUowuig year.
Mgr. Guibert, of Tours, consecrated him Bishop of An^mour, 30 Nov., 1864, a title he bore for twenty- five years, during which he evidenced considerable ad- ministrative abilities, founding missionary posts as far as the Frozen Ocean, on the one side, and the Peace and Liard Rivers, on the other. In 1835 he repaired to France, for the General Chapter of his Congregation. In 1889 he was one of the Fathers of the Provincial Council of St. Boniface, at the termination of which his growing infirmities prevented him from returning to his distant missions in the North.
Le Manitoba (2 October. 1890). files; Febnand Michel, Dix- huit alls ckez les Sauvages (Paris, 1866). A. G. MoRICE,
Farfa, Abbey op, situated about 26 miles from Rome, not far from the Farfa Sabina Railway station. A legend in the "Chronicon Farfense" relates the foundation of a monastery at Farfa in the time of the Emperors Julian, or Gratian, by the Syrian St. Lau- rentius, who had come to Rome with his sister, Susan- nah, and hatl been made Bishop of Spoleto. The legend goes on to say that he afterwards became en- amoured of the monastic life, and chose a wooded hill near the Farfa stream, a tributary of the Tiber, on which he built a church to Our Lady, and a monastery.
