FRANCIS
208
FRANCIS
and the Italian princes, among them Pope Clement Francis I played the part of a Maecenas in the
VII (League of Cognac, 1520), brought about the sack spread of the Renaissance in France. He invited
of Rome by the imperial troops under the command of from Italj; the great artists Leonardo da Vinci, Rosso,
the Constable de Bourbon (1527), and ended with the Primaticcio, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto.
Peace of Cambrai (1529), in reality no more than a He began the present Louvre, built or decorated the
truce. After its conclusion Francis I, who had lost his chateaux of Fontainebleau and Chambord, and was
wife, Claude of France, in 1524, wedded Eleanor of patron of the poets Marot and du Bellay. His most
Austria, sister of Charles V. The third war, entered valuable service to Humanism was the foundation of
upon by Francis I after he had reorganized a perma- the College de France, intended originally for the
nont national army, and at the time when Charles V teaching of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. He was also
had undertaken an expedition against Tunis, was the founder of the Imprimerie Royale. While he
marked by the entrance of the French troops into permitted the development in intellectual circles of
Savoy and the entrance of the troops of Charles V into certain Protestant ideas simultaneously with Human-
Provence (15.36); it was brought to an end, thanks to ism, he was on the other hand, after 1534, quite hos-
tile mediation of Pope Paul III, by the treaty of tile to the propagation of Protestantism among the
Aigues-Mortes. The fourth war, resulting from the common people, as is shown by liis persecution (1545)
ambitious designs of Francis I on Milan, was marked of the Vaudois of Chabrieres and Merindol. The
l>y the alliance of Charles V with Henry VIII, by the poems of Francis I, though interesting as historical
French victory of Ceresole documents, are mediocre
(1544), and was ended by the Treaties of Crespy and Ardres (1544 and 1546).
The history of no other reign has been so profoundly studied in modern times as that of Francis I. A series of recent works has brought out the originality and novT elty of his political maxims. The struggle against the House of Austria made Francis I the ally of tlic Holy See during the pontifi- cate of Clement VII, whose niece, Catherine, had mar- ried Henry II, the future King of France (see Cath- erine de' Medici), but he could not prevail upon Clem- ent VII to grant a divorce to Henry VIII of England. Im- pelled by the desire to menace Charles V not only on the frontiers but even m the in- terior of his territory, Francis I sent his agents into Ger- many, who fostered political and religious anarchy and favoured the political asccn- ilcncy of the Protestant
princes. His policy in this re- Vaffaire du divorce (Paris,
spect was opposed to Catholic interests and even op- Bouhrilly, La premil-re ambassade d' Antonio Rinmn en Orient DOSed totho.spof ChristiTnitv fnr oftor havinir in \ \oo '" Revut d' Hist aire Modeme etCantemporaine (1900-1901), II; ' ^1 CO?! * A * •u^^'/,' T" V^% in li.-^ jjj^^^ Uambasmde de Lafnrest et Marillac A Constantinople in
and 15Jc( sent Antonio Uincon to the King of Poland and Rev. Hist. (1901), LXXVI; Idem. Le rigne de Francois 1" in the Voivode of Transylvania to urge them to threaten Revue d'Histoire Modeme el Contemporaine (1902-1903), IV; Charles Von thepTstprn frnntior r,f tlio omniro li'rnn/.ia Lemonnier. La France SOUS CTiarJes VIII, Louis XII et Franfois \ ,VL IL !^^ }?:v. f}: ?J ", °^ tlie empire, l<rancis /.r ;„ l^visse, Histoire de France (Paris, 1903), V; Ursu, La
work. His tomb and that of
his wife, Claude of France,
in St. Denis, were designed
by Philibert Delorme, and
executed by Pierre Bon-
temps.
Contemporary Sources: — CntaloQue des actes de Francois I"" (10 vols., Paris, 1887-1907); Or- donnances du rcgne de Franfois I^, 1515-1616 (Paris, 1902); Cham- POLLloN-FlGEAC. Captivile du Roi Franj^ois 7*^ (Paris, 1847); Poesies de Francois I^, ed. Champollion- FiGEAC (Paris. 1847); Journal de Louise de Savoie, ed. Guichenon (Paris, 1778); Journal de Jean Jiririllon, ed. Vaissii^re (Paris, KS97-99); Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris sous le regne de Francois I"-, ed. Lalanne (Paris, 1854); Chronique du Roi Francois Z"^, ed. GuiFFREV (Paris, 1864); Memoires de Martin du Bellag, de Fleurange, de Saulx de Tavannes, de Vieille- ville; Histoire du gentil seigneur de Bajjard, ed. Roman (Paris, 1878): MoNLUC, Commentaires, ed. DE Ruble (Paris, 1864-1872).
Modern Works: — Paulin Paris, Etudes sur le regne de Franfois I" (2 vols., Paris, 1885); Madelin. De Conventu Bononiemi (Paris, 1901); Mignet. Rivalite de Francois /<"■ et de Charles-Quint (2 vols.. Paris, 1878); Hamy, En- trevue de FyancotB /" avec Henri VIII a Boulogne-Sur-Mer en IBSi: Intervention de la France dans
I thought of utilizing the Turks against the emperor
Before he had even thought of this alliance rumours
spread throughoutGermanyheld him responsibleforthe
victories of the Mussulmans at Belgrade and Rhodes.
Francis I entered into relations with the Sultan Soli-
man in 1526 through his agent Frangipani, and in 152S
politique oriental de Francois pr (Paris, 1908).
Georges Goyau. Francis, Cord of St. See Cord, Confraternities
OF THE.
Francis, Rule op Saint. — As known, St. Francis
through Antonio Rinoon. The progress of the Turks founded three orders and gave each of them a special
in Central Europe between 1528 and 1532 injured the rule (sec Francis of Assisi, Saint). Here only the
reputation of Francis I. He then secured the assist- rule of the first order is to be considered, i. e. that of
- ince of the Turks against Charles V in the Italian pen- the Friars Minor, under the following headings
- I.
insula and in the Western Mediterranean. Then fol- Origin and Contents of the Rule; II. Interpreta-
lowed his negotiations with Barbarossa (153.3-34), at tion and Observance of the Rule.
that time master of all North Africa. In 1535 his am- I. Origin and Contents of the Rule. — (1) Origin.
bassador Jean de la Forest was sent to Barbarossa to — There is, as in so many other points in the life of St.
arrange for a campaign against the Genoese, and to the Francis, not a small amount of doubt and controversy
sultan to secure his alliance with Francis I in order to about the Rule of St. Francis. Whether St. Fr.ancis
preserve the European balance of power. From wrote several rules or one rule only, with severalversions,
these negotiations of Jean do la Fore.it date the aban- whether he received it directly from heaven through
donrnent by I'Yance of the medieval idea of la Chrf.li- revelation, or whether it was the fruit of long experi-
cnU',^ or Christendom, and, on the other hand, her pro- ence, whether he gave it the last touch or whether its
lection of the Christians in the East (see Fbance). definite form is due to the influence of others, all these
