FRIARS
296
FRIARS
Schwarzer (Black) Berthold (c. 1300), the reputed dis-
coverer of gunpowder; Luea Pacioli (d. about 1510);
Elektus Zwinger (d. 1600); Charles Plumier (d. 1704).
For writers on the history of the order, the reader may be referred to the bibliography, since the vast majority of the books cited have been written by Franciscans. In recent times — to some extent since 1880, but mainly since 1894 — the investigation of the history of the Friars Minor, especially during the first centuries succeeding the foimdation of the order, has aroused a keen and widespread interest in the leading civilized lands and among scholars of every rehgious denomination and belief.
XII. Saints and Beat: of the Order. — The num- ber of Friars Minor who have been canonized or beati- fied, is — even if we exclude here as throughout this article, the members of the other orders of St. Francis (Conventuals, Poor Clares, Tertiaries, and Capuchins) — extraordinarily high. In this enumeration we further confine ourselves to those who are officially venerated throughout the Church, or at least through- out the whole order, with canonical sanction. These exceed one hundred in number, the names, dates of decease, and feasts of the best-known being as follows (1) Saints.— Fmnch of Assisi, d. 3 Oct., 1226 (4 Oct.); Berard of Carbio and four companions, martyred 1220 (16 Jan.); Peter Baptist and twenty-five companions, martyred at Nagasaki, Japan, 1597 (5 Feb.); John Joseph of the Cross, d. 1734 (5 March); Benedict of San Philadelphio, d. 1589 (3 April) ; Peter Regalada, d. 1456 (13 May); Paschal Baylon, d. 1592 (17 May); Bernardine of Siena, d. 1444 (20 May); Anthony of Padua, d. 1231 (13 June); Nicholas Pick, hanged by les Gueux at Gorcum (Holland) in 1572 with eighteen companions, of whom eleven were Franciscans (9 July); Bonaventure of Bagnorea, d. 1274 (15 July) ; Francis Solanus, the Apostle of South America, d. 1610 (24 July); Louis of Anjou, Bishop of Toulouse, d. 1297 (19 Aug.); Pacificus of San Severino, d. 1721 (25 Sept.); Daniel, and seven companions, mar- tyred at Ceuta 1227 (13 Oct.); Peter of Alcantara, d. 1562 (19 Oct.); John Capifstran, d. 1456 (23 Oct.); Didacus (Diego), d. 1463 (12 Nov.); Leonard of Port Maurice, d. 1751 (26 Nov.); James of the March (Monteprandone), d. 1476 (28 Nov.).
Beo((.— Matthew of Girgenti, d. 1455 (28 Jan.); Andreas de' Conti di Signa, d. 1302 (1 Feb.); Odoric of Pordenone, d. 1331 (3 Feb.) ; Anthony of Stroncone, d. 1461 (7 Feb.). ^gidius Maria of St. Joseph, d. 1812 (9 Feb.); Sebastian of Apparizio, d. 1600 (25 Feb.); John of Triora, martyred in China, 1816 (27 Feb.); Thomas of Cora, d. 1720 (28 Feb.); Peter of Treia, d. 1304 (14 March); Salvator of Orta, d. 1567 (18 March); John of Parma, d. 1289 (20 March); Ben- venuto. Bishop of Osimo, d. 1282 (22 March); Rizzer- ius of Mucia, d. about 1240 (26 March); Peregrinus of Fallerone, d. about 1245 (27 March); Marco Fantuzzi of Bologna, d. 1479 (31 March); Thomas of Tolentino, martyred in Further India, 1321 (6 April); Benivoglio de Bonis, d. about 1235 (2 April); Julian of San Augus- tino, d. 1606 (8 April); Archangelo of Calatafimo, d. 1460 (9 April); Carlo of Sezze, d. 1670 (10 April); Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, d. 1495 (12 April); An- dreas Hibernan, d. 1602 (18 April); Conrad of Ascoli,d. 1290 (19 April); Leopold of Gaiche, d. 1815 (20 April): ^gidius of Assisi, d. 1262 (23 April) ; James of Bitetto, called Illyricus, d. about 1490 (27 April); AgneUus of Pisa, d. 1236 (8 May); Francis of Fabriano, d. 1322 (14 May); Benvenuto of Recanati, d. 1289 (15 May); John Forest, martyred at London, 1 538 (22 May) ; John of Prado, martyred in Morocco, 1631 (29 May); Erco- lane de Plagario (Piagale), d. 1451 (29 May); James Stepar, d. 1411 (1 June); Andrew of Spello, d. 1254 (3 June); Pacificus of Ceredano, d. 1482 (5 June); Stephen of Narbonne and Raymond of Carbonna, murdered by the Albigensians, 1242 (7 June); Barto- loineo Pucci, d. 1330 (S June); (juido of Cortona,
d. about 1250 (12 June); Benvenuto of Gubbio, d.
about 1232 (27 June)- Simon of Lipnica, d. 1482 (18
Julv); John of Dukla (like the preceding, a Pole), d.
1484 (19 Julv); John of Laverna, d. about 1325 (9
Aug.) ; Peter of MoUeano (Mogliano), d. 1490 (13 Aug.) ;
Sanctesof Montefabri (Urbino),d. 1385 (14 Aug.); John
of Perugia and Peter of Sassoferrato, martyred at
Valencia in Spain, 1231 (3 Sept.); Gentilis of Mat«-
lica, martyred in Persia 1430 (5 Sept.); Vincent of
Aquilla, d. 1504 (0 Sept.); Apollinaris with thirty-
nine companions of the First and Third Orders, mar-
tyred in Japan, 1617-32 (12 Sept.); Bernardine of
Feltre, d. 1494 (28 Sept.); John of Penna (Penne), d.
1271 (5 Oct.) ; Ladislaus of Gielniow, d. 1505 (22 Oct.);
Francis of Calderola, d. 1407 (25 Oct.); Theophilus of
Corte, d. 1740 (30 Oct.); Liberato de Loro (Lauro), d.
about 1306 (30 Oct.); Thomas of Florence, d. 1447,
Rainerius of Arezzo, d. 1304 (5 Nov.); Bernardine of
Aquila (Fossa), d. 1503 (7 Nov.); Gabriele Ferretti,
d. 1456 (14 Nov.); Humilis of Bisignano, d. 1637 (5
Dec); Conrad of Oflida, d. 1306 (19 Dec); Nicholas
Factor, d. 1583 (23 Dec). To these might be added
long Usts of Blessed, who enjoy a cultus sanctioned
by the Church, but whose cultus is only local, i. e.
limited to their native or burial-places or to the dio-
ceses with w'hich the)' were connected. If these be
included in the reckoning, the number of saints and
heati in all the orders of St. Francis exceeds 300.
At the present time (1909), the postuhitura of the order at Rome, whose oflfice is to collect c\i(lence con- cerning the candidates for beatification antl canoniza- tion, is urging the cause of about ninety members of the First, Second, and Third Orders of St. Francis. This list includes some names belonging to later and even recent times, and it will thus be seen that the Order of Friars Minor never ceases to produce mem- bers whose holiness entitles them to the highest ecclesi- astical honour — that of the altar. That the spirit of Jesus Christ, which St. Francis laboured so uninter- mittently to revive in the world and instilled into his institutions, still lives in his order to the glorification of the Divine Name, the great efficiency of the Friars Minor in our day is sufficient proof.
(1) General History of the Order (Sources, etc.). Note. — As elsewhere throughout this article, only relative com- pleteness is here aimed at; all special monographs concerning a E articular point, question, person, etc., are omitted, and none ut general works, and of these only a selection, are cited. ChTonica Ft. Jordani de Yano in Analecfa Franciscana {An. Ft.). I (Quaracchi. 1885), 1-19, written in 1262, new complete ed. by Bohmer (Paris, 1908) in Collection d'Eiudes by Saba- tier; Dmloffus de Vitis Sanctorum Fratrum Minorum (c. 1245), ed. Lemmens (Rome, 1902); T. Eccleston (c. 1264), De Ad- ventu Fratmni Minorum in Anffliam, ed. Brewer, Monumcnta Franciscana, I (R. S., London, 1858); supplement in Monum. Franc, II (London, 1SS2); complete ed. in An. Ft., I, 217-57; abridgment in Mon. Germ. Hist., Script. (M. G. SS.), XVIII, 560-9; Bernard of Besse. Liher de Laudihus S. Frnncisci (c. 1280), ed. in An. Fr., Ill (Quaracchi, 1807), 666-92; ed. Felder (Rome, 1897); Calalogus Generalium Ministrorum O. F. M. (begun in 1305), ed. in An. Fr., Ill, 693-708; ed. Holder-Egger in M. G. SS., XXXII, 653-74: Ehrle in Ztdtschrifl far katholische Theologie, VIII (Innsbruck, 18S6), 322 sqq.; Adam of Parma, ed. Salimbene, Chronica, written 1282- 88 (Parma, 1857), ed. Holder-Egger in M. G. SS., XXXII (1905-09); Angelo Clareno, Chronica sevtem Tribvlalionum ordinis Minorum (c. 1314-23), portion ed. by Dollinger, Bei- trage zur Sektengesch., II (Munich, 1890); Ehrle in Archivflir Literatur-undKirchengesch.des M.A. (A.L. K. </.), I-III (Ber- lin, 1885-7); Tocco (Rome, 1908); Catalogus Sanctorum Fratrum Minorum (c. 1335), ed. Lemmens (Rome, 1903); Proimiciale ordinis S. Frandsci Antiquisaimvm (c. 1343), ed. EuBEL (Quaracchi, 1892); Chronica XXIV Generalium Minis- trorum (c. 1375), ed. in An. Ft., Ill, 1 sgq.; Bartholomew of Pisa, De C'mifarmitale Vita B. Frandsci ad Vitam Domini Jesu (c. 1385), (Milan, 1510. 1513; Bologna, 1590, 1610), also in ^n. Ft., IV and V (Quaracchi, 1906, 1910); Bernardine of Fossa, Chronica Fratrum Minorum Observantia (c. 1480), ed. Lemmens (Rome, 1902); Marianus of Florence, Compendium Chroni- carum O. F. M. (c. 1515), ed. in Archivum Franciscantim His- loricum {A. F. ID, I-III (Quaracchi, 1908-10); Speculum Vitce S. Frandsci el Soriorum dus (Paris, s. d.; Venice, 1.504; Metz, 1509; Antwerp. 1620; Cologne, 1623; Raab. 1732); Monv- menta Ordinis Minorum (Salamanca, 1.506, 1510, 1511; Barce- lona, 1523); Firmamenlum Trium Ordinum S. Frandsci (Paris, 1512; Venice, 1513); Glassberger (c. 1508), Chronica ordinis Min. iObs.) in An. Fr., II (Quaracchi, 1887), 1 .»qq.; John of KoMERovo (d. 1.536), Tractatus Chronica (J. F. M., cil. Zeiss-
