FATHERS
16
FATHERb
des six premiers siecles" (16 vols., 1693) have never
been superseded or equalled. Otlier historians are
Cardinal H. Noris (1631-1704); Natalis Alexander
(1639-1725), a Dominican; Fleury (in French, 1690-
1719). To these must be added the Protestant Arch-
bishop Usslier of Dublin (15S0-1656), and many
canonists, such as Van Espen, Du Pm, La Marca, and
Christianus Lupus. The Oratorian Thomassin wrote
on Christian antiquities (1619-95); the English Bing-
ham composed a great work on the same subject (1708-
22). Holstein (1596-1661), a convert from Protestants
ism, was librarian at the Vatican, and published col-
lections of documents. The Oratorian J. Morin (1597-
1659) published a famous work on the history of Holy
orders, and a confused one on that of penance. The
chief patristic theologian among English Protestants
is Bishop Bull, who wrote a reply to Petavius's views
on the develo[iment of dogma, entitled " Defensio
fidei Nicajnaj" (1685). The Greek Leo Allatius (1586-
1669), custos of the Vatican Library, was almost a
second Bessarion. He wrote on dogma and on the
ecclesiastical books of the Greeks. A century later
the Maronite J. S. Assemani (1687-1768) published
amongst other works a "Bibliotheca Orientalis" and
an edition of Ephrem Syrus. His nephew edited an
immense collection of liturgies. The chief liturgiolo-
gist of the seventeenth centurv Ls the Blessed Cardinal
Tommasi, a Theatine (1649-1713, beatified 1803), the
tyjie of a sauitly savant.
The great Benedictines form a group by them- selves, for (apart from Dom Calmet, a Biblical scholar, and Dom Ceillier, who belonged to the Congregation of St-Vannes) all were of the Congregation of St- Maur, the learned men of which were drafted into the Abbey of St-Germain-des-Prds at Paris. Dom Luc d'Achery (1605-85) is the founder ("Spicilegium", 13 vols.) ; Dom Mabillon (1032-1707) is the greatest name, but he was mainly occupied with the early Middle Ages. Bernard de Slontfaucon (1055-1741) has almost equal fame (Athanasius, Ilexapla of Origen, Chrys- ostom, Antiquities, Palaeography). Dom Constant (1054-1721) was the principal collaborator, it seems, in the great edition of St. Augustine (1079-1700; also letters of the Popes, Hilarv). Dom Garet (Cassiodo- rus, 1679), Du Friche (St Ambrose, 1686-90), Martia- nay (St. Jerome, 1693-1706, less successful), Delarue (Origen, 1733-59), Maran (with Tout^e, Cyril of Jeru- salem, 1720; alone, the Apologists, 1742; Gregory Nazianzen, unfinished), Massuet (Irenajus, 1710), Ste- Marthe (Gregory the Great, 1705), Julien Gamier (St. Basil, 1721-2), llumart (Acta Martyrumsincera, 1689, Victor Vitensis, 1694, and Gregory of Tours and Frede- gar, 1699), are all well-known names. The works of Martone (1654-1739) on ecclesiastical and monastic rites (1090 and 1700-2) and his collections of anecdota (1700, 1717, and 1724-33) are most voluminous; he was assisted by Durand. The great historical works of the Benedictines of St^Maur need not be mentioned here, but Dom Sabatier's edition of the Old Latin Bible, and the new editions of Du Gauge's glossaries must be noted. For the great editors of collections of councils see under the names mentioned in the bibliography of the article on Codncils.
In the eighteenth century may be noted Arch- bishop Potter (1674-1747, Clement of Alexandria). At Rome Arevalo (Isidore of Seville, 1797-1803); Gallandi, a Venetian Oratorian (Bibliotheca vete- rum Patrum, 1765-81). The Veronese scholars form a remarkable group. The historian Maffei (for our purpose his "anecdota of Cassiodorus" are to be noted, 1702), Vallarsi (St. Jerome, 1734-42, a great work, and Rufinus, 1745), the brothers Ballerini (St. Zeno, 1739; St. Leo, 1753-7, a most remarkaljle production), not to speak of Bian- chini, who published codices of the Old Latin Gospels, and the Dominican Mansi, Archbishop of Lucca, who re-edited Baronius, Fabricius, Thomassinus, Baluze,
etc., as well as the "Collectio Amplissima" of councsla.
A general conspectus shows us the Jesuits taking the
lead c. 1590-1650, and the Benedictines working
about 1680-1750. The French are always in the first
place. There are some sparse names of eminence in
Protestant England; a few in Germany; Italy takes
the lead in the second half of the eighteenth century.
The great literary histories of Bellarmine, Fabricius,
Du Pin, Cave, Oudin, Schram, Liunper, Ziegelbauer,
and Schoenemann will be found below in the biblio-
graphy. The first half of the nineteenth century was
singularly barren of patristic study; nevertheless
there were marks of the commencement of the new
era in which Germany takes the lead. The second
half of the nineteenth was exceptionally and increas-
ingly prolific. _ It is impossible to enumerate the chief
editors and critics. New matter was povired forth by
Cardinal Mai (1782-1854) and Cardmal Pitra (1812-
89), both prefects of the Vatican Library. Inedita in
such quantities seem to be foimd no more, but
isolated discoveries have come frequently and still
come; Eastern libraries, such as those of Mount
Athos and Patmos, Constantinople, and Jerusalem,
and Mount Sinai, have yielded imknown treasures,
while the Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, etc., have supplied
many losses supposeti to be irrecoverable. The sands
of Egypt have given something, but not much, to
patrology.
The greatest boon in the way of editing has been the two great patrologies of the Abb6 Migne (1800-75). This energetic man put the works of all the Greek and Latin Fathers within easy reach by the "Patrologia Latina" (222 vols., including 4 vols, of indexes) and the "Patrologia Graeca" (161 vols). The Ateliers Catholiques which he founded produced wood-carv- ing, pictures, organs, etc., but printing was the special work. The workshops were destroyed by a disas- trous fire in 1868, and the recommencement of the work was made impossible by the Franco-German war. The "Monumenta Germaniic", begun by the Berlin librarian Pertz, was continued with vigour under the most celebrated scholar of the century, Theodor Jlommsen. Small collections of patristic works are catalogued below. A new edition of the Latin Fathers was undertaken in the sixties by the Academy of Vienna. The volumes published up till now have been uniformly creditable works which call up no particular enthusiasm. At the present rate of pro- gress some centuries will be needed for the great work. The Berlin Academy has commenced a more motlest task, the re-editing of the Greek Ante-Nicene writers, and the energy of Adolf Harnack is ensuring rapid publication and real success. The same indefatigable student, with von Gcbhardt, edits a series of "Texte vmd LTntersuchungen", which have for a part of their object to be the organ of the Berlin editors of the Fathers. The series contains many valuable studies, with much that would hardly have been published in other countries.
The Cambridge series of "Texts and Studies" is younger and proceeds more slowly, but keeps at a rather higher level. There should be mentioned also the Italian "Studii e Testi", in which Mercati and Pio Franchi de' Cavalieri collaborate. In England, in spite of the slight revival of interest in patristic studies caused by the Oxford Movement, the amount of work has not been great. For learning perhaps Newman is really first in the theological questions. As critics the Cambridge School, Westcott, Hort, and above all Lightfoot, are second to none. But the amount edited has been very small, and the excellent "Dictionary of Christian Biography" is the only great work published. Until 1898 "there was abso- lutely no organ for patristic studies, and the "Jour- nal of Theological Studios" founded in that year would have found it difficult to survive financially without the help of the Oxford University Press. But
