GALLIENUS
366
GALLIPOLI
(1) Gallicands, Saint, Roman Martyr in Egypt,
362-363, under Julian. According to his Acts (in
"Acta SS.", June, VII, 31), which are not very re-
liable, he was a distinguished general in the war
against the Persians, was consul with Symmachus, 330
(perhaps also once before with Bassus, 317). After
his conversion to Christianity he retired to Ostia,
founded a hospital and endowed a church built by
Constantine. Under Julian he was banished to Egypt,
and lived with the hermits in the desert. A small
church was built in his honour in the Trastevere of
Rome. His relics are at Rome in the church of Sant'
Andrea della Valle. The legend of his conversion was
dramatized by Roswitha.
Gammack in Diet. Christ. Biog., s. v.; Greinz in BucH- BERGER, Kirchl. Handlexikon, s. v.; GaUikanus.
(2) Gallicands I, Saint, seventh Bishop of Em- brun, was represented at the Fourth Councd of Aries in 524, assisted in person at that of Carpentras in 527; perhaps also at the Second Council of Orange in 529, and at the Third Council of Vaison in the same year.
(3) Gallicanus II, Saint, ninth Bishop of Em- brun, assisted at the Fourth Council of Orleans, 541, and was represented by Probus at the fifth of Orleans. He is said to have consecrated the church of the Spanish martjTS Vincent, Orontius, and Victor, built at Embrun by Palladius. It is probable, however, that Palladius never existed (he is not known except from some hagiographical documents of little value), and that Gallicanus governed the diocese from 518 to 549 and perhaps until 554.
Bennett in Diet. Christ. Biog., s. v.: Gallia Christiana, III, 1052; Duchesne, Pastes Episropaux, I, 291 (Paris, 1907). Francis Mershman.
Gallienus, Publius Licinius Egnatids, Roman emperor; b. about 218; d. at Milan, 4 March, 268; appointed regent by his father Valerian when the Germans threatened the boundaries of the empire on the Rhine and the Danube. Gallienus took the west- ern half of the empire and his father the eastern por- tion, in 255. Gallienus was by nature indolent and fond of pleasure. He was cruel to the vanquished, and was unable to repel the attacks of the Prankish invaders of Gaul, but bribed their chieftains to under- take the wardenship of the Rhenish borderline. When the Alemanni burst through the limes Rhcelicus, or Rhsetian Vjarrier, and invaded Upper Italy, the senate armed the Roman burgesses for the first time in thirty years and raised a force of troops on its own responsi- bility, (jallienus defeated the enemy at Milan, but made an alliance with one of the chiefs of the Marco- manni, and gave him Upper Pannonia. He forbade the senators to enter the military service, to have any- thing to do with the army, and excluded them from the administration of the provinces. In consequence of this decree, the former distinction between imperial and senatorial provinces disappeared. During the wars against the Germans many distinguished Roman officers were proclaimed emperors in the various provinces. The most successful of these was Aure- lian, who later became sole emperor. In consequence of the withdrawal of the troops from the eastern boundaries, the countries near the Bosphorus and the Black Sea were laid open to pillage at the hands of the Goths. Simultaneously the Persians under Sapor I swooped down on Asia Minor. Valerian led an army against them, but was betrayed and captured. His servitude lasted until his death in 260.
Gallienus thereupon became sole ruler. A bloody persecution of the Christians broke out in 257-258, instigated by imperial edicts; they were accused of failure to take up arms in defence of the empire from its invaders. Whoever refused to take part in the Roman pagan rites was first exiled, then slain. One of the first victims was St. ('yprian. Bishop of ('ar-
thage, who was executed 14 September, 258; at
Rome Sixtus II and his deacon St. Lawrence suffered
martyrdom. After the death of his father, Gallienus
granted liberty of worship to the Christians. He rec-
ognized as his deputy in the East Odenathus, ruler of
the commercial city of Palmyra and energetic con-
queror of Sapor I, King of Persia. Afterwards he
made him emperor. In the course of the wars against
the enemies of the empire, the soldiers at various
times proclaimed eighteen of their generals provincial
emperors. These men were also called "The Thirty
Tyrants". Among them were Postumus in Gaul, and
Ingenuus in Pannonia, over whom Gallienus won a
partial victory, with the help of Aureolus, the com-
mander-in-chief of the imperial armies. When the
troops in Italy acclaimed Aureolus "imperator", he
tried to make himself master of Italy and Rome, but
was defeated by Gallienus on the Adda and shut up in
Milan. Gallienus was assassinated by his officers
while this siege was going on.
Clinton, Fasti Romani (Oxford), II; Schiller, Rom. Kaiser- geschiehte: Seeck, Untergang der Antiken Welt, II; Linsen- MAYR, Bektimpfung des Christenthums dutch den riJmisehen Slaat (1905), 158 sqq.; Allard, Hist, des Persecutions; Healy, The Valerian Persecution (New York, s. d.).
Karl Hoeber.
Gallifet, Joseph de, priest; b. near Aix, France, 2 May, 1663; d. at Lyons, 1 Sept., 1749. He entered the Society of Jesus at the age of fifteen, and on taking up his studies came under the direction of Father de la Colombiere, the confessor of Bl. Margaret Mary Alacoque. It is not surprising that from such a director he should acquire that love of the Sacred Heart which he cultivated with so much fervour as to merit the title of the Apostle of the devotion to the Sacred Heart. While on a mission of charity during his third year of probation at Lyons, he caught a fever which brought him to death's door. So distressed were his brethren at the fear of losing him that a certain father made a vow in his name that, if he were spared. Father de Gallifet would spend his life in the cause of the Sacred Heart. From that time he began to recover. He ratified the vow, and never slackened in his efforts to fulfil it. His superiors realizing his fitness for government advanced him to three succes- sive rectorships — at Vesoul, at Lyons, and at Gre- noble. The last-named appointment was followed by the provincialship of the Province of Lyons. In 1723, he was chosen assistant for France, an office which brought him to Rome. Here he found it in his power to work more effectively for the spread of the devotion that was dearest to his heart. Returning from Rome in 1732, he again became rector at Lyons, where he passed his declining years, a model of meekness, humility, and charity. He wrote an admirable book on the Blessed Virgin, and one on the chief virtues of the Christian religion ; his greatest work, "De Cultu Sacrosancti Cordis Dei ac Domini Nostri Jesu Christi ' ', appeared in 1726. The main purpose of this book met with much opposition at first, and its well-supported plea for the establishment of a feast of the Sacred Heart was not crowned with victory till 1765. The zealous apostle had in the meantime gone to his re- ward, though he lived to see the establishment of over 700 confraternities of the Sacred Heart.
De Gallifet, The Adorable Heart of Jesus (New York, 1899); Sommervogel, Bihl. de la C. de J., Ill, 1124-31; de Guil- hermy, Menologie de la C. de J., Assistance de France: Nix, Cultus SS. Cordis Jesu (Freiburg, 1S91).
Joseph H. Smith.
Gallipoli, Diocese op (Gallipolitana), in the province of Lecce (Southern Italy). The city is built on a high rock in the Gulf of Tarentum and joined to the mainland by a bridge of twelve arches. It is sur- rounded by a bastioned wall and dominated by a cas- tle; has also an important trade in wine, oil and fish. Drinking-water is brought to the town from the main- land by means of an aqueduct. The harbour is a
