GARLAND
385
GARLICS
his parishioners. Grateful for all he had done for
them, the members of his parish erected a statue to
liim two years after his death.
Nnlicen nicTologiques dcs Oblats dc Marie ImmacuUe (Bar-le- Duc, 18991, VII. A. G. MORICE.
Garland, a wreath of flowers or evergreens formerly used in conne.xion with baptismal, nuptial, and funeral rites,_as well as in solemn processions. The earliest certain reference to the baptismal garland, as worn by neophytes, occurs in a seventh-century description of the Alexandrine ritual, written by the patriarch Seve- rus, who says that, after the baptism and unction (i. e. confirmation), the priest administered Holy Communion, and crowned the newly-baptized with garlands. This custom was still observed at Alexan- dria in the eighteenth century. A similar rite has also been inferred from a passage in the Galilean liturgy (haplizati et in Christo coronati), but more prob- ably this expression is merely metaphorical. The bridal crown or wreath is said to be of pre-Christian Greek origin, adopted later by the Romans. Tertul- lian refers to it as a sign of paganism, but this prejudice was afterwards set aside, and it was in common use amongChristians by the time of St. John Chrysostom. The bride and bridegroom were crowned to .symbolize their victory over the temptations of the flesh. (For the continued use of garlands at the marriage ceremony during the early medieval period at Rome, see Du- chesne, "Christian Worship", tr. London, 190.3, 428- 434.) The rite has been retained by the Greek Church, silver crowns taking the place of floral wreaths.
Funeral garlands were used in primitive times, in connexion with the burial of virgins, and especially of virgin martyrs, to symbolize their victory, and by analogy they came also to be used for all martyrs. Hence they are constantly found represented in paint- ing or sculpture, on the tombs of the early Christians. In later times a crown, consisting of a wooden hoop, with two half-circles crossing each other at right angles and covered with flowers and streaming ribbons, used to be can led before the bier of an unmarried woman, and afterwards suspended over or near to the grave. This custom was continued in England all through the middle ages and Reformation period, and it survives even now in certain remote places, especially in Devon and Cornwall. The iron hook upon which such wreaths were hung, in the seventeenth century, may still be seen in the south aisle of St. Alban's Abbey. In medieval times the clergy were wont to wear floral garlands or crowns on their heads, on the occasions of solemn processions. Stow mentions one at St. Paul's, London, when the dean and chapter "apparelled in copes and vestments, with garlands of roses on their heads, issued out at the west door" (Survey of Lon- don, ed. 1750); and in the inventories and church- wardens' accounts of many an English church, items of expenditure on similar ornaments occur. The same custom prevailed also in Germany, France, and Italy. Martene (De Ant. Eccl. Rit., Ill, iv) mentions an illuminated missal belonging to a church at Melun, in which such floral garlands are pictured in a Corpus Christi procession, and the same is recorded at Angers, Laon, and elsewhere. According to Martene also, in certain places in France, a priest celebrating his fi"st Mass was similarly decked, which custom still survives in certain parts of Germany and Bavaria. The term gariared was also technically used to signify a crown of precious metal, often adorned with gems, made for the arrangement of natural or artificial flowers before the altar or sacred image at festival times.
Rock. Church of our Fathers (London, 1849)- Walcott Sacred Archaeoloau (London, 1S6S); Marriott in Diet. Christ' Anttq a. V. Baptism: PLn.MPTRE, ibid., e. v. Crowns for Brides- Lee, Glossary of Liturgical and Ecctesiaslical Terms (London 1877); ScANNELL (ed.). Catholic Dictionary (London, 1905)' ?u^-. Marriage; Leclercq, Manuel d' Arehcologie Chrclienne (Par.9. 1907). Q. CyPRIAN ALSTON.
VI.— 25
Garland, John, an English poet and grammarian,
who lived in the middle of the thirteenth century. He
tells us he was born in England and studied at "O.xford
with John of London, one of Roger Bacon's masters.
He goes on to add that he was "fostered" in France
and cherished that land above the land of his birth.
The greater portion of his life was spent there. At
one time he studied at the University of Paris, and
then taught grammar and belles-lettres at Toulouse,
and later at Paris. He went to Toulouse at the time
of the close of the Albigensian war. Hence it was
about 1229 that he composed the " Epithalamium
Beats Virginis Mari»", dedicated to Cardinal Ro-
mano Bonaventura, Cardinal-Deacon of Sant' An-
gelo, who, as legate, was trying to win back the
people of Languedoc to the orthodox Faith. His
" De triumphis Ecclesise" belongs to this period also.
It is an epic poem in distichs, celebrating the victories
of the crusades, the crushing of heresv, and the glories
of the Faith. In 12.34 he was back in Paris and wrote
his "Accentuarium", a poem in 1426 hexameter
verses on the laws of accent. A little later, at Paris
also, he composed his " Carmen de Ecclesia", a poem
on the liturgy, dedicated to Fulk, BLshop of London
(1244-59). In it the poet laments the recent death
of his fellow-countryman, Alexander of Hales, who
died on 21 August, 1245. After the manner of the
schoolmasters of his day, he wrote a glossary of this
poem. For his own use as a tutor he wrote a "Dis-
tigium" or "Cornutus" in forty-two hexameter
verses, grouped in pairs, to assist in remembering
unusual Latin words or latinized Greek words; a
" Dictionarius cum commento", or glos.sary; a com-
pendium of grammar, in verse; an "^quivoca", or
list of homonyms, also in verse ; a treatise on rhet-
oric with the odd title "Moral Examples" (Exempla
honesta; vita;); a " Commentarius curiatium", in-
tended to explain to the children of nobles tlie mean-
ing of such Latin words as might interest them; a
"Poetria", or collection of examples in every style of
versification.
In the " Exempla" he tells us he got his name from the Rue Garlande (now the Rue Galande), a main thoroughfare in the neighbourhood of the university where he taught. It was for his pupils in Paris that he penned the "Miracula Beata; Marise Virginis", wherein he tells us that he worked at it in the library of Ste-Genevieve, which goes to prove that it was open to the public. It is the earliest reference to this library. Other works are attributed to John Garland, some of them erroneously, as the various poems entitled "Facetus"; "De contemptu mundi"; "Flore- tus"; "Cornutus novus"; a treatise on chemistry; a treatise on interest. Many of the above have never been edited. John Garland's verses are very faulty, being merely bad prose versified. The style is de- signedly obscure and absurdly pedantic. The sar- casms of Erasmus with reference to the pedagogical methods of medieval teachers are often supported by quotations from Garland's writings. For men of the Renaissance, he was held up as a type of the scholastic turning to literature.
On hia va.riou3 works and editions thereof see Haureau, Notices et eitraits des manuscrits (1879), XXVII. ii, 1-86- Lb Clerc, Hisloire litteraire de la France (1847-52), XXII, 11, 77.
Paul Lej.'lY.
Garlick, Nicholas, Venerable, priest and martyr, b. at Dinting, Derbyshire, c. 1555; d. at Derby, 24 July, 1588. He studied at Gloucester Hall, now \Vorcester College, Oxford, matriculating in 1575, but did not take a degree, perhaps because of the Oath of Supremacy thereto annexed. He next became master of the high school at Tideswell in the Peak, where he exercised such a holy influence over his pupilsthat three of them eventually went with him to Reims and one at least, Christopher Buxton (q. v.), became a martyr. He went to Reims in June, 1581, was or-
