GINOULHIAO
562
GIOBERTI
was a celebrated haunt of brigands. Ptolemy (V, xiv)
speaks of it as being in the region of Seleucia, and
Stephen of Byzantium (s. v.) makes it a small town
situated near Antioch. The first and only known
Bishop of Gindarus was Peter, who assisted at the
Council of Nicsea in 325 (Gelzer, Patrum Nicsenorum
nomina, p. 61) and at that of Antioch in 341 (Lequien,
Oriens Christ., II, 789). Yet the episcopal see is not
mentioned in the sixth-century "Notitia" of Antioch
(Echos d'Orient, 1907, 144), nor in that of the tenth
century (op. cit., 1907, 94) ; it is also missing from the
list of cities of Syria given by the geographer Hierocles
and George of Cyprus. It is probable that it was never
an important town, and that its see, of early creation,
soon disappeared. Under the Emperor Theodosius
the Great, Gindarus was only a small village which he
fortified (P. G., XCVII, 517), and in the time of Jus-
tinian I, when the relics of the martyr, St. Marinus,
afterwards transferred to Antioch, were found there,
Gindarus possessed only a periodeutcs and not a bishop.
It is now Djendcris, on the Afrin-Sou, in the vilayet
and the sanjak of Aleppo, not far from Kal'at Semaan,
the famous monastery of St. Simon Stylites.
S. Vailhe.
Ginoulhiac, Jacques-Marie-Achille, a French bishop; b. at Montpellier (department of Hdrault), 3 Dec, 1806; d. there, 17 Nov., 1875. Immediately after his ordination to the priesthood (1830) he was appointed professor in the seminary at Montpellier, and later (1839) vicar-general at Aix. Consecrated Bishop of Grenoble in 1853, he was appointed the fol- lowing year assistant to the pontifical throne, and knight of the Legion of Honour. At the Council of the Vatican, Ginoulhiac spoke publicly on philosophi- cal errors (30 Dec, 1860), on the rule of faith (22 March and 1 April, 1870), and on the pope's infallibility (23 May and 28 June, 1870). On this latter point he sided with the minority and left Rome before the session of 18 July, in which the doctrine was defined. In 1870 he was transferred from Grenoble to the archiepiscopal See of Lyons. Fearing the Prussian invasion, the in- habitants of Lyons vowed to erect a basilica at Four- vieres if the city were spared. The written pledge, signed by thousands of inhabitants, was placed on the altar of the Blessed Virgin by the archbishop himself. In 1873, in fulfilment of this promise, he laid the cor- ner-stone of the magnificent edifice which to-day stands on the hill of Fourvieres. While at Grenoble, Bishop Ginoulhiac wrote and published several letters and pastorals, especially on the condition of the Ponti- fical States (1860), on Kenan's " Life of Jesus" (1863), and on the accusations of the press against the Encyc- lical of 8 Dec, 1864, and the Syllabus (1865). His works are " Histoire du dogme catholique pendant les trois premiers siecles de I'Eglise et jusqu'au concile de Nicee" (Paris, 1852, 1865); " Les ^pitres pastorales, on reflexions dogmatiques et morales sur les ^pitres de Saint Paul a Timothee et a Tite" (Paris, 1866); "Le concile oecumfoique" (Paris, 1869); "Le sermon sur la montagne" (Lyons, 1872); "Les origines du chris- tianisme", a posthumous work published by Canon Servonnet (Paris, 1878).
La France EccUsiastique (Paris, 1S76), 765-9; L^cpiscopat fran^ais, by the SociExii Bibliographique (Paris, 1907).
C. A. DUBRAY.
Gioberti, Vincenzo, Italian statesman and philos- opher; b. at Turin, 5 April, 1801 ; d. at Paris, 26 Octo- ber, 1852. When still very young he lost his parents, and at the age of sixteen he was admitted among the clerics of the court; he studied theology at the Turin University, and obtained there the doctorate; he was ordained priest in 1825 and .appointed court chaplain and professor in the theological college. In 1828 he made a journey through Lombardy, and became friendly with Manzoni and other great men. He caused Rosmini's philosophy to be known in Pied-
mont, though at a later date he became its opponent.
At this time under the pen-name " Demofilo" he was
writing articles in Mazzini's "Giovane Italia", printed
at Marseilles. In 1833 he resigned his court chap-
laincy, and soon after was arrested on suspicion of
political intrigues. Nothing could be proved against
him, but he was expelled from the country and went
to Paris, where lie made many friends. He now ceased
contributing to the "Giovane Italia", and Cousin
offered him a chair of philosophy on condition that he
would not oppose Cousin's own philosophical system.
Though financially in very straitened circumstances,
Gioberti refused the offer. He then accepted an offer
to teach philosophy in a private school at Brussels
conducted by an Italian. During his stay in Brussels
most of his works were published.
In 1841, on the appearance of his book "Del Buono", the Grand Duke of Tuscany offered him a chair in the Pisa University, but King Charles Albert objected, and the offer came to nothing. His fame in Italy dates from 1843 when he published his "Del priraato morale e civile degli Italiani", which he dedi- cated to Silvio Pellico. Starting with the greatness of ancient Rome he traced history down through the splendours of the papacy, and recounting all that science and art owed to the genius of Italy, he de- clared that the Italian people were a model for all nations, and that their then insignificance was the re- sult of their weakness politically, to remedy which he proposed a confederation of all the states of Italy with the pope as their head. It is curious that in this work he is very severe on the French, yet he has not a word to say about the Austrians who then occupied Lom- bardy and the Venetian territory. Pope and prince received the work very coldly, and a few Jesuits wrote against it. In 1845 he was once more in Paris and published the " Prolegomeni al Primato", in which he attacked the Jesuits ; and in 1847 he printed " II Ge- suita Moderno", a large sized pamphlet, full of vulgar invective; in 1848 this was followed by an "Apologia del Gesuita Moderno". These works were answered in 1849 by the Jesuit Father Curci's " Divinazione suUe tre ultimo opere di V. Gioberti". Early in 1848, when Italy was burning with hopes of liberty and independ- ence, Gioberti returned to his native land and was joyously received by his fellow-townsmen. Soon afterwards he went to Milan to calm the over-impet^ uous and to oppose Mazzini; from there he visited King Charles Albert at Sommacampagna. He re- ceived a mission for Rome, and on his arrival his reception was so enthusiastic that the pope became alarmed. On his return from Rome the king wanted to appoint him senator of the kingdom, but Gioberti preferred to be elected as deputy ; he became president of the Chamber and, in July, he joined the Collegno cabinet. After the unfortunate Salasco armistice he broke up the cabinet, declared for a continuation of the war against Austria, and bitterly assailed the Revel ministry. He next founded a society to propa- gate the idea of a federated Italy, with the King of Piedmont and not the pope at its liead. In December he became president of the ministry (with Rattazzi and other democrats), but whereas the new cabinet was all for war, Gioberti had learned caution, and was anxious to reorganize the army. Moreover, he wanted Pied- mont to re-establish in their estates the pope and the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had been driven out by the revolution; so he quarrelled with his fellow-minis- ters and resigned on 20 February, 1849, but in the newspapers he carried on the quarrel. After the dis- astrous battle of Novara (23 March, 1849), Victor Emmanuel II offered him a portfolio ; he agreed to join the ministry but would not take a portfolio. He was then sent as plenipotentiary minister to Paris to so- licit French aid in Italy. He was unsuccessful, and finding he was out of favour at Turin he resigned his post, but remained in Paris, where, after three years
