GUINEA
72
GUISCARD
in prison. Besides, there were many officers attached
to the chapel: vestrjTnen, churchwardens, chaplains.
Guilds of artists appeared very early in Italy. Sienna, Pisa, Venice seem to have been in the lead. The first of these cities had a corporation of architects and sculptors in 1212; the statutes of the sculptors and stone-cutters of \'enice date from 1307; those of the carpenters and cabinet-makers in the same city from 1.3S5. In Rome the guilds of artists were formed relatively late; the sculptors in 1406, the painters in 1478, the goldsmiths in 1509, the masons in 1527. On the whole it is seen that the arts connected with con- struction were the first to have their own association, then came the goldsmiths, and finally the painters. It often happened that artists were incorporated into trade guilds, as, for instance, the painters of Florence, who still belonged to the grocers' guild in the sixteenth century. The famous "Accademia del Desegno" of that city, one of the first academies of fine arts in Europe, grew out of the " Compagnia di San Luca ", a semi-religious, semi-artistic guild. The decline of the Italian guilds began in the sixteenth century and was brought about by the decay of the commerce of the country. They were abolished in Rome by Pius VII in 1S07, and by the end of the first half of the nine- teenth century they had become a thing of the past in all Italian cities.
In Spain. — What has been said of the origin of the guilds in Italy applies to Spain. In no other prov- ince (except, perhaps, Southern Gaul) had the in- habitants been influenced more deeply by Roman civilization, and the Visigoths, who settled there in the fifth century, were, of all the Barbarians, those who showed the strongest tendency to retain Roman institutions and customs. Unfortunately, the growth of this neo-Roman civilization was stopped by the Arabian invasion in the eighth century, and in the following 700 j-ears the Christians of Spain, who were bent on the task of wresting their country from the infidels, turned their energies to warfare. Domestic trade fell info the hands of the Jews, foreign trade into those of the Italians, and manufactures existed mostly in cities under Moorish dominion. Religious and military associations were many and powerful, but merchant and craft guilds could not grow on this battlefield.
Walford. Guilds, their Origin, etc. (London, 1880); Gross, The Guild Merchant (O-xford, 1S90); Olivieri, Le forme niedie- vali d'associfizione (.\ncona, 1S90); Ryllo, L'associazione nella storia (Catanzaro, 1892); Florentine Wool Trade in Transac. Royal Hist. Soc., XII: Perrens, Histoire de Florence (Paris, 1S77-S3); RoDOCANACHI, Corporations oumires de Rome au moyen-dge (Paris, 1S94); Canti;, Storia d'ltalia (French tr., Paris, 1859-62); Labarte, Hintoire des arts industrids au moyen-ane (Paris, 1864-66); Gibbins, History of Commerce in Europe (London, 1892); Seton'. Commerce of Italy in the Middle Ages in Catholic World, XIII (1876), 79; Lafuente y Zanal- LOU, Historia general de Espaila (Madrid, 1S5(M>9).
P. J. Mahique. Guinea. See Gaboon, Vicariate Apostolic of.
Guiney, Patrick Robert, second and eldest sur- viving son of James Roger Guiney and Judith Macrae ; b. at Parkstown, Co. Tipperary, Ircl.and, on 15 Jan., 183.5; d. at Boston, 21 March, 1877. From his father's people he inherited Jacobite blood, gentle and adven- turous, with one French cross in it. James Guiney, impoverished and dispirited after an ill-assorted run- away marriage, brought with him on his second voyage to New Brunswick his favourite child, then not six years old. After some years, Mrs. Guiney rejoined her husband, lately crippled by a fall from his horse; a settlement followed in Portland, JIaine, where the boy attended the public schools. Clever, studious, and a capital athlete, he matriculated at Holy Cross College, Worcester, but left before graduating, actuated by a scniple of honour entirely characteristic. His book-loving, sympathetic father having meanwhile died, he went to study for the Bar under Judge Wal-
ton, and was admitted in Lewiston, Maine, in 1856,
evincing from the first a genius for criminal law. In
politics he was a Republican. He won its first suit
for the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals. In 1859 he married in the old
cathedral, Boston, Miss Janet Margaret Do>le, related
to the distinguished "J. K. L. ", the Rt. Rev. James
Warren Doyle, Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin. They
had one son, who died in infancy, and one daughter.
Home life in Roxbury and professional success were
cut short by the outbreak of the Civil War. Familiar
with the manual of arms, Guiney enlisted for example's
sake as a private, refusing a commission from Gover-
nor Andrew until he had worked hard to help recruit
the Ninth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers.
Within two years (July, 1862), the first colonel having
died from a wound received in action. Lieutenants
Colonel Ciuiney succeeded young to the command. He
fought in over thirty engagements, and won high official
praise, notably for courage and presence of mind at the
battle of the Chickahominy, or Gaines's Mill, Virginia.
Here, after three successive colour-bearers had been
shot down, the colonel himself seized the flag, threw
aside coat and sword-belt, rose white-shirted and con-
spicuous in the stirrups, inspired a final rally, and
turned the fortune of the day. After many escapes,
he was struck in the face by a sharpshooter at the
Wilderness (5 May, 1864) ; the Mini(5 ball destroyed
the left eye, and inflicted, as was believed, a fatal
wound. During an interval of consciousness, how-
ever, Guiney insisted on an operation which saved
his life. Honourably discharged just before the mas-
tering out of his old regiment, he did not receive his
commission as brigadier-general by brevet until 13
March, 1865, although throughout 1N64 he had been
frequently in command of his brigade, the Second,
First Division, Fifth Corps, A. P. Brevet was then
bestowed "for gallant and meritorious services during
the War". Kept alive for years by nursing and
by force of will, he ran unsuccessfully for Congress
on a sort of "Christian Sociahst" platform, was
elected assistant district attorney (lS6(>-70), and
acted as consulting lawyer (not being longer able to
plead) on many locally celebrated cases. His last
exertions were devoted to the defeat of the corruption
and misuse of the Probate Court of Suffolk Countj',
Massachusetts, of which he had become registrar
(1869-77). He died suddenly and was found kneel-
ing against an elm in the little park near his home,
having answered his summons in this soldierly and
deeply rehgious fashion, as he had always meant to do.
General Guiney was Commandant of the Loyal Le-
gion, Major-General Commanilant of the Veteran
Militarj' League, memlx-r of the Irish Charitable
Society, and one of the founders and first members
of the Catholic Union of Boston. He was notable
throughout a brief, thwarted career for the charm of
his manner and his chivalrous ideals in public life.
A good literary critic, he printed a few graphic prose
sketches and some graceful verse.
Adjutant General's Reports; Newspapers, passim; Family in- formation.
Louise Imogen Guiney.
Guiscard, Robert, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, founder of the Xornian state of the Two Sicilies; b. about 1016; d. 17 July. 1085. He was the eldest son of the second marriage of Tancred, seigneur of Haute- ville-la-Guichard. near Coutances. Normandy, a fief of ten chevaliers. Already three of his brothers, William Bras-de-Fer and Drogo, about 1034, and Hurrfphrey. about 1045, had entered the pay of the Lombard princes of Southern Italy who were in revolt against the Byzantine Empire. In turn Robert left Nor- mandy accompanied by five horsemen and thirty foot- soldiers, and set out to rejoin his brothers in 1046. Of gigantic stature, broad-shouldered, with blond hair,
