the blessings we need both for this present life and for the life which has no end."
Origin.—It was antecedently probable that the
striking words of the Angel's salutation would be
adopted by the faithful as soon as personal devotion
to the Mother of God manifested itself in the Church.
The Vulgate rendering, Ave gratia plena, "Hail full of
grace", has often been criticized as too explicit a
translation of the Greek (
Greek characters), but the
words are in any case most striking, and the Anglican
Revised Version now supplements the "Hail, thou that
art highly favoured" of the original Authorized Version
by the marginal alternative, "Hail thou, endued with
grace". We are not surprised, then, to find these or
analogous words employed in a Syriae ritual attrib-
uted to Severus, Patriarch of Antioch (c. 513), or by
Andrew of Crete and St. John Damascene, or again in
the "Liber Antiphonarius" of St. Gregory the Great as
the offertory of the Mass for the fourth Sunday of Ad-
vent. But such examples hardly warrant the con-
clusion that the Hail Mary was at that early period used
in the Church as a separate formula of Catholic devotion.
Similarly a story attributing the introduction of the
Hail Mary to St. Ildephonsus of Toledo must probably
be regarded as apocryphal. The legend narrates how
St. Ildephonsus going to the church by night found
our Blessed Lady seated in the apse in his own episco-
pal chair with a choir of virgins around her who were
singing her praises. Then St. Ildephonsus approached
"making a series of genuflexions and repeating at each
of them those words of the angel's greeting: 'Hail
Mary full of grace, the Lord is with thee, blessed art
thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy
womb. Our Lady then showed her pleasure at this
homage and rewarded the saint with the gift of a
beautiful chasuble (Mabillon, Acta SS. O. S. B., sæc.
V, pref., § 119). The story, however, in this explicit
form cannot be traced further back than Hermann of
Laon at the beginning of the twelfth century.
In point of fact there is little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted devotional formula before about 1050. All the evidence suggests that it took its rise from certain versicles and responsories occurring in the Little Office or Cursus of the Blessed Virgin which just at that time was coming into favour among the monastic orders. Two Anglo-Saxon manuscripts at the British Museum, one of which may be as old as the year 1030, show that the words "Ave Maria" etc. and "benedicta tu in mulieribus et benedictus fructus ventris tui" occurred in almost every part of the Cursus, and though we cannot be sure that these clauses were at first joined together so as to make one prayer, there is conclusive evidence that this had come to pass only a very little later. (See "The Month", Nov., 1901, pp. 486-8.) The great collections of Mary-legends which began to be formed in the early years of the twelfth century (see Mussafia, "Marien-legenden") show us that this salutation of our Lady was fast becoming widely prevalent as a form of private devotion, though it is not quite certain how far it was customary to include the clause "and blessed is the fruit of thy womb". But Abbot Bald win, a Cistercian who was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1184, wrote before this date a sort of paraphrase of the Ave Maria in which he says: "To this salutation of the Angel, by which we daily greet the most Blessed Virgin, with such devotion as we may, we are accustomed to add the words, 'and blessed is the fruit of thy womb,' by which clause Elizabeth at a later time, on hearing the Virgin's salutation to her, caught up and completed, as it were, the Angel's words, saying: Blessed are thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb.'" Not long after this (c. 1196) we meet a synodal decree of Eudes de Sully, Bishop of Paris, enjoining upon the clergy to see that the Salutation of the Blessed Virgin" was familiarly known to their flocks as well as the Creed and the Lord's Prayer; and after this date similar enactments become frequent in every part of the world, beginning in England with the Synod of Durham in 1217.
The Hail Mary a Salutation.—To understand the early developments of this devotion it is important to grasp the fact that those who first used this formula fully recognized that the Ave Maria was merely a form of greeting. It was therefore long customary to accompany the words with some external gesture of homage, a genuflexion, or at least an inclination of the head. Of St. Aybert, in the twelfth century, it is recorded that he recited 150 Hail Marys daily, 100 with genuflexions and 50 with prostrations. So Thierry tells us of St. Louis of France that "without counting his other prayers the holy King knelt down each evening fifty times and each time he stood up- right then knelt again and repeated slowly an Ave Maria." Kneeling at the Ave Maria was enjoined in several of the religious orders. So in the Ancren Riwle (q.v.), a treatise which an examination of the Corpus Christi MS. 402 shows to be of older date than the year 1200, the sisters are instructed that, at the
Woodcut from R. Pynson's Edition of the "Kalender of Shepardys" (1506), British Museum
recitation both of the Gloria Patri and the Ave Maria in the Office, they are either to genuflect or to incline profoundly according to the ecclesiastical season. In this way, owing to the fatigue of these repeated prostrations and genuflexions, the recitation of a number of Hail Marys was often regarded as a penitential exercise, and it is recorded of certain canonized saints, e.g. the Dominican nun St. Margaret (d. 1292), daughter of the King of Hungary, that on certain days she recited the Ave a thousand times with a thousand prostrations. This concept of the Hail Mary as a form of salutation explains in some measure the practice, which is certainly older than the epoch of St. Dominic, of repeating the greeting as many as 150 times in succession. The idea is akin to that of the Holy, Holy, Holy", which we are taught to think goes up continually before the throne of the Most High.
Development of the Hail Mary.—In the time of St. Louis the Ave Maria ended with the words of St. Elizabeth: "benedictus fructus ventris tui"; it has since been extended by the introduction both of the Holy Name and of a clause of petition. As regards the addition of the word "Jesus," or, as it usually ran in the fifteenth century, "Jesus Christus, Amen", it is commonly said that this was due to the initiative of Pope Urban IV (1261) and to the confirmation and indulgence of John XXII. The evidence does not seem sufficiently clear to warrant a positive statement on the point. Still, there can be no doubt that this was the widespread belief of the later Middle Ages. A popular German religious manual of the fifteenth century ("Der Selen Troïst", 1474) even divides the
