HEREFORD
255
HEREFORD
Lamarckians and the so-called neo-Lamarckians hold-
iag that in this and in this alone, according to the
straiter sect, we have the true explanation of variation
and evolution, whilst the Weismannites take up a
wholly opposite point of view. It must be admitted
that the extremer views of Weismann as to the im-
possibility of the inheritance of acquired conditions
are daily losing ground. The same may be said as to
the theory of telegony. It is well known that breed-
ers consider that it a valuable bitch has borne pups to
an under-bred dog, she is ruined for breeding purposes,
since she is liable at any time to throw ill-bred pups,
even though the sire of later litters may be a highly-
bred male. The same view is held by horse-breeders.
.\n(\ the condition, which supposes that the maternal
organism is, so to speak, infected, by the male con-
gress, is called telegony. The most important argu-
ment in its favour is that it is implicitly held by
persons whose bread is earned by attention to the
laws of inheritance, yet it must be owned that Pro-
fessor ("ossar Ewart's careful experiments, at Peni-
cuik, do not lend authority to the view, and it may
perhaps turn out that the true explanation of this
puzzling variety of heredity depends on some law of
reversion, at present misunderstood, but which may
be cleared up by further researches along Mendehan
lines. (See Mind.)
The subject is well summed up in Thomson, Heredity (Lon- don. 190S), written by one belonging to the Weisniannite side. See also Wilson. The Cell in Development and Inheritance (Lon- don nnd New York, 1896, 1900), the best book on the celhdar question, which involves so much in the matter of heredity; Bateson, Mendel's Principles of Heredity (London, 1900): HuTTON. The Lesson of Evoltition (1907); Butler, Life and Habit (London, 1878); Idem, Unconscious Memory (London, 1880): Brooks, The Law of Heredity (.BMimore. 1891);RlBOT, L'htredite (Paris, 1873: Eng.tr., London, 1875); Mivart in Dublin Review. CV (1889). pp. 269-296; Spencer, The Inade- 'uacy of Natural Selection m Contemporary Heview, LXIII 1893). B. C. A. WiNDLE.
I
Hereford, Ancient Diocese of (Herefohdensis),
in England. Though the name of Putta, the exiled
Bishop of Rochester, is usually given as the first Bishop
of Hereford (676), Venerable Bede's account merely
states that he was granted a church and some land in
Mercia by Sexulf, Bishop of Lichfield. This, however,
was probably the nucleus from which the diocese grew,
though its limits were not precisely fixed even by the
end of the eighth century. In 79.3 the body of the
martyred Ethelbert, Iving of the East Saxons, was
buried at Hereford, and his shrine became a place of
pilgrimage famous for miracles. His name was joined
with that of the Blessed Virgin as titular, so that the
cathedral, which was served by secular canons, was
known as the Church of St. Mary and St. Ethelbert.
The shrine was destroyed by the Welsh in 1055, when
the cathedral, which had been recently rebuilt, was
much damaged. It was restored after the Norman
Conquest by Bishop Robert de Losinga, the intimate
friend of St. Wulstan of Worcester. His immediate
successors made further additions, and the great cen-
tral tower was built about 1200. The clerestory to the
choir, the beautiful Early English Lady Chapel and
the north transept were added during the thirteenth
century. Unfortunately the cathedral has suffered
much from unskilful restoration, and some of the
medieval work has been replaced by eighteenth-
century architecture, notably the west front, which
was ruined by the fall of a tower in 178(3. The
cathedral was remarkable for not conforming to the
Sarum Rite, but for maintaining its own " Here-
ford LTse" down to the Reformation. It had its
own Breviary and Missal, and portions of the anti-
phonary have also survived. The diocese was gener-
ally fortunate in its bishops, two of whom are speci-
ally prominent: John de Breton, the great English
lawyer (1268-1275); and his successor. Thomas de
Cantilupe, better known as St. Thomas of Hereford,
the last English saint to be canonized. He was chan-
cellor to King Henry III when he was elected bishop,
and had wide experience of government. In the dis-
putes which arose between Archbishop Peckham and
his suffragans, St. Thomas was chosen to lay the cause
of the bishops before the pope, and while on this mis-
sion he died. His relics were buried at Hereford, where
his shrine became the scene of numerous miracles.
Part of the relics were saved at the Reformation and
are now at Stonyhurst, but it would appear that some
remained at Hereford, for as late as 1610 they were
carried in procession by the people during tlie plague.
In the cathedral is still pre.served the celebrated
" Mappa Mundi", designed by Richard of Battle in the
thirteenth century. The diocese consisted of nearly all
Herefordshire, with part of Shropshire, and parishes in
the counties of Worcester, Monmouth, Montgomery
and Radnor. It was divided into two archdeaconries,
Hereford and Salop. There were about thirty reli-
gious houses in the diocese, the .A.ugustinians having
seven, including the priory of Wigmore, and the Bene-
dictines ten, among which was the great priory of Leo-
minster. There were Cluniacs at Clifford, Wenlock
and Preen, Cistercians at Uore and Flaxley. Domini-
cans and Franci-scans both had priories in Hereford;
at Ludlow there were Carmelites and .\ustin Friars.
The following is the list of bishops of Herefonl, with
dates of appointment, the chronology before 1012
being partly conjectural: —
Putta, 676
Thyrtell, 693
Torchtere, 710
Walchstod, 727
Cuthbert, 736
Podda, 746
Acca, c. 758
Aldberht, 777
Esne, 781
Celmundus, 793
Edulf, 796
Utel, e. 798
Wulfhard, 803
Benna, 824
Eadulf, c. 825
Cuthwulf, 838
Mucellus, c. 857
Deorlaf, 866
Ethelbert, 868
Cunemund, 888
Athelstan I, 895
Eadgar, c. 901
Tidhelm, c. 930
Wulfhelm, c. 935
Alfric, 941
Athulf, c. 966
Athelstan II, 1012
Leofgar, 1056
Vacancy, 1056
Walter of Lorraine, 1061
Robert de Losinga, 1079
Gerard, 1096
Vacancy, 1101
Reynelra, 1107
Geoffrey de Clive, 1115
Richard de Capella, 1121
Vacancy, 1127
Robert de Bethune, 1131
Gilbert Foliot, 1148
Robert de Maledon, 1163
Vacancy, 1168
Robert "Foliot, 1174
William de Vere, 1186
Giles de Braose, 1200
Hugh de Mapenor, 1216
Ilvigh Foliot, 1219
Ralph de Maydenstan,1234
Peter of Savoy, 1240
John de Breton, 1268
St. Thomas de Cantilupe,
1275 Richard Swinfield, 1283 Adam Orleton, 1316 Thomas Charleton, 1327 John Trilleck, 1344 Lewis Charleton, 1361 William Courtenay, 1370 John Gilbert, 1375 Thomas Trevenant, 1389 Robert Mascall, 1404 Edmund Lacy, 1417 Thomas Polton, 1420 Thomas Spofford, 1421 Richard Beauehamp, 1448 Reginald Bidler, 1450 John Stanberry, 1453 Thomas Mylling, 1474 Edmund Audley, 1492 Adrian de Castello, 1503 Richard Mayhew, 1504 Charles Booth, 1516
Schismatical bishops : — Edward Foxe, 1535 Edmund Bonner, 1538 (translated to London be- fore consecration) John Skj-pp, 1539 John Harley, 1553
Canonical bishops: — Robert Parfew, 1554 Thomas Reynolds, 1557 (died a prisoner for the faith before consecra- tion)
The arms of the see were : Gules, three leopard's heads
reversed, jessant as many fleurs-de-lys, or.
Havergal. Fasti Herefordenses (1869), giving full bibliog- raphy of cathedral and city; Phillott, Hereford: Diocesan His- tory (London. 18S8); Fisher, Hereford: The Cathedral and 'See (London, 1898). For the Hereford Use, see Hereford Missal, re- printed by Henderson (London, 1874), and Hereford Breviary,
