("Echos d'Orient", Paris, 1907, 145). Procopius
("De Ædificiis ", II, 9) says that Justinian rebuilt its
walls. At least seven bishops are known from the
fourth to the sixth century, the first of whom, Eustathius was in correspondence with St. Basil (Lequien,
"Oriens Christ.", H, 983-86). The city, which was
destroyed, has not been rediscovered ; but it is thought
to have been located near the Euphrates and Europos
or Djerabis.
Gelzer, Georgii Cyprii Descriplio orbia romani (Leipzig, 1890), 155
S. Vailhe.
Himerius (called also Eumerius and Comemus), Archbishop of Tarragona in Spain, 385. He is the first archbishop of this province subsequent to St. Fructuosus, who died a martyr, 21 Jan., 259), whose name has come down to us. Nothing is known about the acts of this bishop, not even the beginning or end of his reign. He is not mentioned among those who took an active part in the Priscillian controversy of that time, nor is his name in the list of bishops who assembled (380) at Saragossa in the Province of Tarragona. Because Pope Siricius in his letter uses the phrase pro antiquitale sacerdotii tui, it might be inferred that Himerius was bishop long before 385; still the words mav refer to his dignity as archbishop. Himerius had sent several questions to Pope Damasus, who died before their arrival. His successor, Siricius, took up the matter, and sent an answer dated 10 Feb.,
This answer, which is the first known papal decretal, gives solutions to the questions proposed, and orders Himerius to make known the enactments to the other churches. It forbids the rebaptizing of converts from Arianism and orders that they be received by the simple imposition of the bishop's hand. It forbids the conferring of solemn baptism except at Easter and Pentecost; demands that petition for baptism be made forty days previous to its reception, and that it be preceded by prayers and fasting; but enjoins the duty of giving baptism as quickly as possible to infants and others in danger of death. No one is allowed to marry a woman betrothed to another; apostates, if repentant, are to be subjected to penance for the rest of their lives, but at the hour of death they are to be reconciled. Rules are laid down for the treatment of all penitents, especially of such as had relapsed. It determines the age of thirty-five for those to be ordained priests, requiring the reception of baptism before the age of puberty and the receiving of minor orders. It permits the acolyte and subdeacon to marry once, and then with a virgin, but requires celibacy of the deacon and priest; inflicts severe penalties on the incontinent and condemns to perpetual incarceration monks and nuns unfaithful to their vows. The pope also expresses his earnest wish that monks known for their prudence and sanctity of Me be admitted to the clergy.
Ward in Dict. Christ. Biog.,s. v.; Kaulen in Kircchenlexikon, s. v.; Gams. Kirchengeschite Spaniens (Ratisbon, 1864), I, 426; P. L., XIII, 1131; LVI, 554.
Francis Mershman.
Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims; b. in 806: d. at
Epernay on 21 December, 882. Descended from a
distinguished family of the West Franks, he received
an excellent education at the Abbey of St-Denis,
under the direction of the Abbot Hilduin. Wen the
latter came to the court of the Emperor Louis the
Pious in 822 as court chaplain, Hincmar accompanied
him thither, and by actual experience became acquainted with the political as well as the ecclesiastical
administration of the empire, in all its ramifications.
He also followed Hilduin into banishment at Corvey,
and returned with him later to St-Denis. Hinemar
used his influence with the emperor on behalf of
the banished abbot, and not without success: for
he stood in high favour with Louis the Pious, having always been a faithful adherent of his, and his
loyal champion through all his vicissitudes. After
his return from Corvey, Hinemar resided for a time
in St-Denis, where he pursued his studies with great
zeal and success, and afterwards at the imperial
court, where he was active in political as well as
spiritual affairs. In the year 840 King Charles the
Bald called Hinemar into his service permanently;
and from that time he was the monarch's skilful
and efficient counsellor in all matters. A few years
later (845) he was raised to the Archiepiscopal See of
Reims at the Synod of Beauvais. Ebbo, the occupant
of this important see, was deposed at a Synod of
Diedenhofen (Thioville) in 835; it is true that he had
returned to Reims on the death of Louis the Pious in
840, and had again undertaken the administration
of the diocese, performing many ecclesiastical functions; but in May, 841, he was again expelled, and
afterwards (844), at the instance of Pope Sergius II,
was admitted to lay communion only. Accordingly,
on 18 April, 845, Hinemar was chosen as his successor
and was consecrated at Reims on 3 May. The Emperor Lothair I, being hostile to Hinemar, induced
Pope Sergius II to order a new investigation into the
case of Ebbo; however the new archbishop came out
of the inquiry triumphantly, and Pope Leo IV conferred the pallium on him.
Henceforward for nearly forty years Hinemar remained at the very centre of government, both ecclesiastical and political, in the West-Frankish Empire; he was a decisive factor in all the more important transactions, and the numerous disputes spoken of in the church history of the Franks in the second half of the ninth century for the most part centre around the person of the Metropolitan of Reims. Although Hinemar was generally recognized as archbishop, owing to his investiture with the pallium by Leo IV, his opponents, especially the Emperor Lothair and his courtiers, still made use of the affair of Ebbo in order to ruin Hinemar. Hinemar looked upon the restoration of Ebbo in 840 as null and void, and on that account even forbade the clergy, who had been ordained by Ebbo at that period, to exercise any spiritual functions. These clerics, however, brought their case before the Synod of Soissons, in 853. Here again the much-vexed question of Ebbo's deposition and Hincmar's consecration was investigated; and the synod declared that the ordinations by Ebbo after his alleged restoration were null; nevertheless, at the request of King Charles, the priests in question were again admitted to communion. Hinemar wished to receive the pope's confirmation of this decision; but Leo IV refused this favour; and it was not until 855 that his successor, Benedict III, confirmed the decree. Nicholas I renewed it in 863, adding the clause: "provided that Hinemar was in no wise disobedient to the mandates of the Apostolic bee".
Shortly afterwards, the pope received from various quarters reports of injustice which had been done to the above-mentioned clerics; and Charles the Bald interested himself on behalf of one of them, named Wulfad. At this time Pope Nicholas I wrote to Hinemar and to the other archbishops of France, calling upon them to arrange for a new synod, in order to examine the case once more. Soon afterwards. King Charles conferred the vacant Archiepiscopal See of Bourges upon Wulfad. The new synod was opened at Soissons, 16 August, 866. It was very mild in its treatment of the deposed clerics of Reims, and acting on its advice the pope restored Wulfad and his com- panions, enjoining them, however, to show deference and obedience to Hinemar. In his letter of 6 December 866, the pope had spoken his mind pretty forcibly to Hinemar about his whole conduct; the latter replied in a humble letter (867) and informed the pope that he had immediately restored the clerics in ques-
