HISTORY
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HISTORY
schichte " ; " Bibliographie der kirchengeschichtlichen
Literatur", in the " Zeitschrift f ilr Kirchengeschichte ". The most complete bibliography of church history is now to be found in " Revue d'histoire eccMsiastique " (Louvain, since 1900).
(6) Chro)wlo(pi, which instructs the student how to recognize and fix with accuracy the dates found in the sources. The first important chronological investiga- tions were undertaken liy Scaliger (" De emendatione t«mporum, " Jena, 1629 — ), Petavius ("Rationarium temporum", Leyden, 1624; "De doctrina tem- porum", Antwerp, 1703), and the authors of "Art de verifier les dates des faits historiques " (Paris, 1750 — ) . The most important recent works are: Ideler, " Hand- buch der mathem. u. techn. Chronologic " (Berlin, 1825; 2nd ed., 1SS.3); De Mas-Latrie, "Tresor de chronologic, d'histoire et de geographic pour I'etude et I'emploi des documents du moyen-iige" (Paris, 1889); Brinkmeier, " Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Volker" (2nd ed., Berlin, 1882); Riihl, "Chronologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit" (Berlin, 1897); Lersch, "Einleitung in die Chronologie" (Freiburg, 1899); Grotefend, "Zeitrech- nung des deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit" (Hanover, lS91-8);CappelU, "Cronologiae calendario perpetuo" (Milan, 1906); Ginzel, "Handbuch der mathemat. und technischen Chronologie. Das Zei- trechnungswesen der Volker ", I (Leipzig, 1906).
(7) Ecclesiastical Geographj and Statistics, the first teaches us to recognize the places in which historical events took place, the other represents the develop- ment of the Church and the actual condition of her institutions exhibited sjiioptically, in tables with corresponding figures, etc. Important works of this kind are: Le Quien, " Oriens christianus" (3 vols., Paris, 1740); Morcelli, "Africa Christiana" (2 vols., Brescia, 1816); Toulotte, "Geographic de I'Afrique chr^tienne" (Paris, 1892-4); Ughelli, "Italia sacra" (2nd ed., 10 vols., Venice, 1717-22); "Gallia Chris- tiana" by Claude Robert (Paris, 1626), by Denis de Sainte-Marthe and others (new editions, 16 vols., Paris, 1715 — ); Biittcher, " Germania sacra " (2 vols., Leipzig, 1874); Neher, "Kirchliche Geographic unci Statistik" (3 vols., Ratisbon, 1864-8); Idem, "Con- spectus hierarchia; catholicae" (Ibid., 1895); Silber- nagl, "Verfassung und gegenwiirtiger Bestand samtlicher Kirchen des Orients" (2nd ed., Munich, 1904); Baumgarten, "Die katholische Kirche un- serer Zeit und ihre Diener", III (Munich, 1902, 2nd ed., vol. II, ibid., 1907); Gams, "Series episcoporum ecclesite catholica;" (Ratisbon, 1873; Supplem, 1879 and 1886), continued bv Eubel, "Hierarchia catholica mediiffivi", I-II (Mijnster, 1898-1901); Spruner and Menke, " Historischer Handatlas" (3rd ed., Gotha, 1880); Werner, " Katholischer Kirchenatlas " (Frei- burg im Br., 1888); Idem, "Katholischer Missionsat- las" (2nd ed., ibid., 1885); McClure, "Ecclesiastical Atlas" (London, 1883); Heussi and Mulert, "Atlas zur Ivirchengeschichte " (Tubingen, 1905); see also the annual Catholic directories of various nations (England, Ireland, Scotland, Australia, etc.) and the new "Dictionnaire d'Hist. et de G^og. ecclfe.", edited by Baudrillart, Vogt, and Rouzies (Paris, 1909 — ).
(8) Epigraphy, a guide for the reading and method- ical use of the Christian inscriptions on monuments. Works on this science are: Larfeld, "Griechische Epigraphik" and Hiibner, " Riimische Epigraphik", both in Iwan Miiller's " Handbuch der klassischen Altertumskunde", I (2nd ed., Munich, 1892); Rein- ach, "Traite dY-pigraphie grecque" (Paris, 1886); Cagnat, "Cours d'^pigraphie latine" (.3rd ed., Paris, 1S98); De Rossi, " Inscriptiones christianse urbis Roma;" I and II, " Introductio " (Rome, 1861-88) ; Le Blant, L'^pigraphie chr^tienne en Gaule et dans r.^frique romaine" (Paris, 1890); Idem, "Pal^o- graphie des inscriptions latines de la fin du III au VII sifecle" (Paris, 1898); Grisar, "Le iscrizioni cristiane
di Roma negli inizi del medio evo" in "Analecta
Romana" (Rome, 1899).
(9) Christian Archaology and History of the Fine Arts, from which the student learns how to study scientifically and to use the monuments which owe their origin to Christian influences. See Christi.\n Arch.eology and Ecclesiastical Art.
(10) Numismatics, the science of the coins of various countries and ages. Since not only the popes but also the numerous bishops, who once possessed secular power, exercised the right of coinage, numismatics belongs, at least itx certain epochs, to the au.xiliary sciences of church history. See Bonanni, " Numis- mata Pontificum Romanorura " (3 vols., Rome, 1699) ; " Numismata Pontificum Romanorum et aliarum ecclesiarum" (Cologne, 1704); 'N'ignolius, "Antiqui denarii Romanorum Pontificum a Benedicto XI ad Paulum III" (2 vols., Rome, 1709; new ed. l)y B. Floravanti, 2 vols., Rome, 1734-8) ; Scilla, " Breve notizia dello monete pontificie antiche e moderne" (Rome, 1715); Venuti, "Numismata pontificum Romanorum prsstantiora a Martino V ad Bencdictum XIV " (Rome, 1744) ; Garampi, " De nummo argenteo Benedicti III dissertatio" (Rome, 1749). For further bibhography see von Ebengreuth, "AUgemeine Mijnzkunde und Cieldgeschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit" (Munich, 1904) and in Engel and Serrure, " Traits de numism. du moyen-^ge ".
{11) Sphragistics, or the science of seals (Gk.<r(ppayli, a seal). Its object is the study of the various seals and stamps used in sealing letters and documents as a guarantee of their authenticity. Besides the works mentioned above under Diplomatics, see Pflugk and Harttung, "Specimina selecta chartarum Pontificum Romanorum", part III, "Bulla;" (Stuttgart, 1887); Idem, " BuUen der Piipste bis zum Ende des XII Jahrh." (Gotha, 1901); Baumgarten, "Aus Kanzlei und Kammer: Bullatores, Taxatores domorum, Cur- sores" (Freiburg, 1907); Heineccius, "De veteribus Germanorum aliarunique nationum sigillis" (Frank- fort, 1719); Grotefend, " Ueber Sphragistik" (Bres- lau, 1875) ; Fiirst zu Hohenlohe - Waldenburg, " Sphragistische Aphorismen" (Heilbronn, 1882); Ilgen in Meister, " Grundriss der Geschichtswissen- schaft", I (Leipzig, 1906).
(12) Heraldry, which teaches the student how to read accurately the coats of arms etc., used by ecclesi- astical and secular lords. It frequently throws light on the family of historical personages, the time or character of particular events, the history of religious monuments. The literature of this science is very extensive. See Brend, "Die Hauptstiicke der Wappenkunde" (2 vols., Bonn, 1841-9); Idem, " AU- gemeine Schriftenkunde der gesammten Wappenwis- senschaft"; Seller, "Ge-schichte der Heraldik" (Nu- remberg, 1884); E. von Sacken, "Katechismus der Heraldik" (5th ed., Leipzig, 1S93); Burke, "Ency- clopedia of Heraldry" (London, 1878); Da vies, " Encyclopedia of Armory " (London, 1904); Pasini- Frassoni, " Essai d'armorial des papes d'aprds les manuscrits du Vatican et les monuments publics" (Rome, 1906).
VII. Literature of Ecclesiastical Hlstory. — The peoples among which Christianity first spread, possessed a highly developed civilization and a litera- ture rich in works of history. They possessed the historical sense, and though in early Christian times there was little occasion for extended ecclesiastical historical works, nevertheless historical records were not wholly wanting. The New Testament was itself largely historical, the Gospels being literally narratives of the life and death of Christ. Soon we meet the ac- counts of the conflict with the Roman state (Acts of the .\postles) and traditions of widespread Christian suffering (.\cts of the MartjTs). The (lost) anti- Gnostic work of Hegesippus also contained historical information. Chronicles were compiled in the third
