HUNGARY
560
HUNGARY
dral chapters with 211 regular and 113 honorary
canons; 23 diocesan abbeys, 51 exempt and 151
titular abbeys; 36 diocesan provostships; 3 exempt
and 110 titular provostships; 72 archdeaconries and
392 vice-archdeaconries; 3249 mother-churches,
7590 dependent churches with not less than 50 souls,
and 7594 dependent churches, with less than 50 souls.
In Croatia-Slavonia there are 6 cathedral chapters
with 60 regular and 30 honorary canons; 1 diocesan
and 21 titular abljeys; 3 diocesan and 9 titular pro-
vostships; 24 archdeaconries and 65 vice-archdea-
conries; 592 mother-churches and 360 dependent
churches with at least 50 souls. The Uniat Greek
Church in Hungary has 6 cathedral chapters, with
41 regular and 20 honorary canons; 1 abbey and 6
titular abbeys; 3 provostships; 23 archdeaconries; 106
vice-archdeaconries and 74 deaconries; 2116 mother-
churches, 1596 dependent churches with at least 50
souls, and 18S0 dependent churches with less than 50
souls; 1336 parish priests, 676 assistant priests, 107
priests filling other positions, 302 ecclesiastical stu-
dents; 46 priests retired from active work; 62 secular
priests and 1 regular priest engaged outside the dio-
cese. The Uniat Greek Church in Croatia-Slavonia
has 1 cathedral chapter with 14 regular canonries and 1
honorary canonry; 1 provostship; 4 archdeaconries and
4 vice-archdeaconries; 24 mother-churches, 15 depend-
ent churches with at least 50 souls; 11 parish priests,
16 assistant priests and G priests otherwise employed;
17 ecclesiastical students; 3 priests retired from ac- tive work, and 1 priest outside the diocese. There are also in Hungary 196 religious houses for men, with 2114 inmates, and 379 religious houses for women, with 5005 inmates; 2606 parish priests, 1770 assistant priests, and 713 priests otherwise engaged; 1224 ecclesiastical students; 260 priests retired from active work; outside the dioceses, 135 secular and 116 regu- lar priests. In Croatia-Slavonia there are 30 re- ligious houses for men, with 222 inmates, and 68 religious houses for women, with 690 inmates; 509 parish priests, 285 assistant priests, and 149 priests otherwise engaged; 1S9 ecclesiastical students; 47 retired priests and 45 priests outside the dioceses (see articles on the respective dioce-ses).
In German. — Csuday. (itsr/n'rhlr der Ungnm C2nd ed., Buda. 1899). The histories of HiinK;ir>' "f Majlath and Fessler have been out of date for a long time. In Hungarian. — Szil.\gyi ed., History of the Hunqnrian Sation (10 vols., Budapest, 1896-97); the eccIesi.Tstical history of Hungar.v is treated by Balics, llis- tory of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary (Budapest. 1885- 90); a synopsis of ecclesiastical conditions in Hungary is given in the sumptuous work i.ssued on the ;iOOth anniversaryof the union of Hungary and Austri.a, Catholic Hungary; a brief his- tory of the Church in Hungary, Kah,\csonyi, Church History of Hungary in Oullinc, 970-1960 (( Irosswardein, 1906) contains a bibliography: Hungary's relations with the Holy See are set forth in Fraknoi, Ecclesiastical and Political Connexion of Hungary with the Roman See (Budapest, 1901-0;^). _.\mong the collections of original authorities, of which a list Is given by Kar-\csonti, may be mentioned P^:te«ft. Sacra concilia Hun- garia (2 vols.. Vienna, 1742); Theiner, Vetera monumenta hist. Hungariam sacram illustrantia (2 vols.. Rome, 1S59-60), II; also the volumes of the Monumenta Vatieann historiam Hungarice illustrantia (8 vols., Budai>est, 18.87-91): further the large work in course of publication on the Reformation and Counter-Refonnation in Hungary, Monumenta ccclesiaatica tempnra innorntw in H ungarid religionis illustrantia (4 vols, published. Budapest. 1902). On the marriage law, Reiner, The Hungarian Marrioffc Law (in Hungarian. Budapest, 1908). On autonomy, Melichar, Die katholisehe Autonomic (in Hun- garian, Budapest. 1908). Cf. also bibliographies of the articles on the several Hungarian dioceses.
A. Aldasy.
Hungarian Literature. — The language which has prevailed in Hungary for nearly a tliousand years and is apokon at tlie present day by about 12,000,000 persons, is a pithy and very pliant langimge, rich in vowel-soimds and fuiidanirntally dilTerent from the majority of literary tongues. .\s was determined by the Jesuit Sainovics in 1770, it is most nearly related to the Vogul-Ostiak, (hough the Hungarians have been separated for more than two thousand years from the people using that tongue. Together with the
Vogul-Ostiak, Hungarian, as well as Lappish, Finnish,
Cheremis, Mordvin, and Samojed, belongs to the
Ural group of languages, and further, together with
Turkish and Mongolian — all of Asiatic origin — to the
Ural-Altaic group. The vocabulary of Hungarian has
been greatly enriched by words borrowed from neigh-
bouring peoples, as from the Persian and especially
from the Turkish, even before the immigration into
the present Hungary (896), so that it was for some
time thought that Hungarian was most nearly allied
to the Turco-Mongolian stock (Vdmb^i'ry). After the
immigration, words were further borrowed from the
Slav, German, Latin, and Italian languages. Hun-
garian, in spite of a certain harshness, is particularly
well suited for oratory and for serious poetry, espe-
cially since it has been systematically developed and
enriched by Rdvai, Kazinczy, and a school of so-
called neologists, c. 1770-1800. Excluded from scien-
tific and political hfe by the use of Latin until aliout
1840, Hungarian, during the course of the nineteenth
century, came to be regarded more and more as a bond
of national unity and a safeguard of political inde-
pendence, and, as such, was zealously cultivated in
spite of the Germanizing efforts of Austria. The
oldest monument of the Hungarian language is a
funeral oration, "Halotti besz^d", about 1230, and a
liymn on the Virginity of Our Lady, c. 1300. Hun-
garian literature, a markedly national product, was
always in closest contact with the historical develop-
ment of the people, and accordingly may be divided
into five periods.
(1) The Pre-Reformalion Period, which in pre- Christian times, up to about a. d. 1000, produced chiefly popular epics, and after the introduction of Christianity, works chiefly of a religious character, such as legends and hjonns, mystic meditations and lives of the saints. Amongst the latter the most noteworthy is that of the Hungarian princess. Blessed Margaret. Almost all of these were the work of religious, such as Temesvdri Pelbart and Rdskai Lea. Contemporary with these are the sagas of the heroes and the chronicles. These latter are mostly in Latin and show especially the influence of the Renaissance, which was promoted largely by King Matthias Cor- vinus (14.58-90), whose court became a centre of humanistic culture (Archbishop Vit(?z; Bi.shop Janus Pannonius; the magnificent Bibliothecci Corfina). Cul- ture and literature were suddenly brought to a stand- still by the invasion of the Turks and the consequent devastation of bishoprics, monasteries, and schools, and later through the divisions and confusion of the Reformation.
(2) Reformation and C ounter-Rcformalion Piriad. — Towards the middle of the sixteenth century began the printed controversial literature. The polemical warf;irc was commenced liy the Protestants and was carried on more liy means of personal atiuse and rail- lery than by argument ; e. g. the Hungarian Re- formers D^vai and Melius, later Geleji-Katona, Al- vinezi, and others. They were met on the Catholic side by Telegdi, Monoszlai, Balasfi, \eresniarti, and the Jesuits. These, however, were all far surpas.sed by Cardinal Peter Pazmdny, S.J. (1570-1637), Pri- mate of Hungary, one of the greate.'^t figures in the history of Hungarian civilization and literature. Besides many controversial writings, .spiritual books, and a large volume of sermons, his chief work is the great "Hodegus" or "Kalauz" (1613), a complete apology for Christianity and Catholicism, written in a clever manner suited lot he times, displaying a very full acquaint;ince with the literatun? of the Reformation, often ironical and sarcastic, and above all full of sharp and caustic logic. This work became an arsenal which furnished weapons to the champions of the sul)sequent Catholic reorganization. The Hungarian Protestants were unal)le to answer him. and sent the great work, translated into Latin, to Wittenberg.
