GUADELOUPE
44
GUAICURI
face. Painters have not understood the laying on
of the colours. They have deposed that the "can-
vas" was not only unfit but unprepared; and they
have marvelled at apparent oil, water, distemper,
etc. colouring in the same figure. They arc left in
eciual admiration by the flower-like tint.s and the
al>undant gold. They and other artists find the pro-
portions perfect for a maiden of fifteen. The fig-
ure and the attitude are of one advancing. There is
flight and rest in the eager supporting angel. The
cliief colours are deep gold in the rays and stars, blue-
green in the mantle, and rose in the flowered tunic.
Sworn evidence was given at various commissions of
inquiry corroborating the traditional account of the
miraculous origin and inffuence of the picture. Some
wills connected with Juan Diego and his contem-
poraries were accepted as documentary evidence.
Vouchers were given for the existence of Bishop
Zvunarraga's letter to l.is Franciscan brethren in
Spain concerning the apparitions. His successor,
Montufar, instituted a canonical inquiry, in 1556,
on a sermon in which the pastors and people were
abused for crowding to the new shrine. In 1568
the historian Bernal Diaz, a companion of Cortez,
refers incidentally to Guadalupe and its daily mir-
acles. The lay viceroy, Enriquez, while not opposing
the devotion, WTote in 1575 to Philip II asking him
to prevent the third archbishop from erecting a parish
and monastery at the shrine; inaugural pilgrimages
were usually made to it by viceroys and other cliief
magistrates. Processes, national and ecclesiastical,
were laboriously formulated and attested for pres-
entation at Rome, in 1663. 1666, 1723, 1750.
The clergv', secular and regular, has been remark- ably faithful to the devotion towards Our Lady of Guadalupe, the bishops especially fostering it, even to the extent of making a protestation of faith in the miracle a matter of occasional oliligation. The present pontiff is the nineteenth pope to favour the shrine and its tradition. Benedict XIV and Leo XIII were its two strongest supporters. The former pope decreed that Our Lady of Guadalupe should be the national patron, and made 12 December a holiday of obligation with an octave, and ordered a special Mass and Office; the latter appro\'ed a complete historical second Nocturne, ordered the picture to be crowned in his name, and composed a poetical inscription for it. Pius X has recently permitted Mexican priests to say the Mass of Holy Mary of Guadalupe on the twelfth day of every month, and granted indulgences which may be gained in any part of the world for prayer before a copy of the picture. A miraculous Roman copy — for which Pius IX ordered a chapel — is an- nually celebrated among the " Prodigia " of 9 July.
Indian MSS. in Boturini Collection (Madrid): Mexican origi- naJs, tiard to locate, variously reproduced; Papal letters (ar- chives of the shrine, and most Mexican curias): Montufar, Inforrnacidn (Mexico, 1.556); Di'az, Hisloria Verdadcra {Guate- mala. 156S; Madrid, 16.32); Sanchez, I magen de Maria (Mex- ico, 164S): Vega, Historia na/iuall (.Mexico, 1649); Tanco, Felicidadde Mixico (Mexico, IGT.')); Nicoselli, lidazione Storica (Rome. 16S1); Florencia, Eslrrlla del Xorle (.Mexico, 16SS); (JuiNTERo, Escudo de Armas (Mexico, 1746); Cabrera, Mara- villa Americana (Mexico, 1756): Carillo, Pensil Americano (Mexico, 1797); Alcocer, Defensa Guadalupana (Mexico, 1S20); Tornel. La Aparici6n (Orizaba, 1849); Vera. Con- leslacidn (Quer^taro. 1S92); Lee, Our Lady of America (Balti- more, 1897); AxTlcoLl, Historia de la Aparicion {Wexico. 1897): there are also numerous minor publications issued mostly in Mexico and at the shrine.
G. Lee.
Guadeloupe (or Basse Tekre), Diocese op (GuADALUPENsis; IxLE Telluris), in the West In- dies, comprises the islands of Guadeloupe, Les Saintes, Marie-Galante, La Desirade, and the French portions of St. Martin and St. Bartholomew. When, on 4 Nov., 1493, Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Karukera, he called it Guadalupe, in honour of the miraculous Madonna of Guadalupe in Spain. Guadeloupe has been French since 1653, with the e.x-
ception of some brief periods of English occupation.
It was formerly administered by a prefect Apostolic.
In 1837 Jean-Marie de Lamennais, by agreement with
the French Government, sent to Guadeloupe, as in-
structors, several brothers of the Institute of Ploermcl.
On the publication of the royal onlinance of 5 Janu-
ary, 1840, recalling to the priests of the colonies their
obligation to instruct the yoimg slaves, and to the
masters their duty of allowing the latter to be in-
structed, Lamennais realized that the clergy of
Guatleloupe must be reorganized. He addressed a
note to the Government, in which he asked for the
creation of three dioceses, at Martinique, Guadeloupe,
and Guiana. Montalembert, in a speech delivered
before the Chamber of Peers (7 April, 1845), demanded
the appointment, if not of titular bishops, at least of
vicars Apostolic, in the colonies. In 1848 Father
Libermann, superior-general of the Congregation of
the Holy Ghost, drew M. de Falloux's attention to the
question, and, by an agreement between France and
the Holy See, the Bull of 27 September, 18.50, created
for Guadeloupe the Bishopric of Basse-Terre as suffra-
gan of the Archdiocese of Bordeaux. The clergy of
Guadeloupe are educated in the seminary of the Holy
Ghost, at Paris. Its first bishop (1851-53) was the
celebrated preacher Lacarriere, of whom Chateau-
briand said, " If I were a priest I should wish to preach
like him. " In 1905 (the last year of the concordatory
regime) the dioce-se numbered 182,112 inhabitants, 2
archidiaconates, 3 archipresbyt crates, 19 deaneries, 37
parishes, 54 priests (besides the bishop and vicars-
general). At that time the regulars were reiiresentcd
by the Fathers of the Holy tihost, the Brothers of
Ploermel, the Sisters Hospitallers of St. Paul of
Chartres, and the Teaching Sisters of St. Joseph of
Cluny.
La COMBE, Lettre pastorale du Prefel Apostolique au clfrg^ de la Guadeloupe sur I'instruction relinieuse dans les colonics (Buase- Terre, 1839): Laveille. Jean-Marie de Lamennais, II (Paris. 1903), 265-66; 639-41; i'^piscopaf jranfais depuis le Concordnl (Paris. 1907), 271-78.
Georges Goyau.
Guaicuri Indians (pronounced Waihuri), a group of small tribes, speaking dialectic forms of a common language, probably of distinct stock, formerly occupy- ing part of Lower California. They ranged from about 24° to 26° N. lat.. Slaving for neighliours, on the south the Pericui, of very similar characteristics, and on the north the somewhat superior Cochiml. They may have numbered originally some 7000 souls. -According to our liest authority, the Jesuit Baegcrt, who laboured among the Guaicuri for seventeen years until the expulsion of the order in 1767, f hey lived in the open air without shelter of any kind liy day or night, excepting a mere brushwood windbreak in the coldest winter weather. The men were absolutely naked, while the women wore only an apron of skin or strings woven from vegetable fibre. They sometimes used sandals — mere strips of s^kin — to protect the soles of their feet from rocks and thorns. They wore their hair loose, and the men cut and stretched their ears with pieces of bone until they hung down nearly to the shoulder. They painted their bodies with mineral colours. Their implements and furniture consisted of a long bow and arrows, a flint knife, a sharpened stick for digging roots, a turtle shell for basket and cradle, a bladder for water, and a bai^ for provisions.
The preparation of tlie.se simple tlnngs constituted their only arts and the time left from hunting food was given up to lounging, .sleeping, or an occasional intertribal orgy of brutish licentiousness. Their food comprised practically everything of animal or vege- table nature to be found in their country, no matter how disgusting in habit or condition. Owing to the desert character of their country they lived in a con- dition of chronic starvation througliout most of the year. Constantly on the move in search of food,
