INDIANA
738
INDIANA
PatTonatuB PortuQallicB Hegum (Lisbon. 1868); Cottinead,
Historical Sketrh of Goa (Madras. 18;il); ToRRlE, Estatislica de
India i'lirtut/utna (Bombay, 1879); L)e tSuuZA, Orients Ctm-
quislada (1881); D"Or.sey, Portuguese Discoveries, Dependencies
and M issions (1893); Danvers. The Portuguese in India (1894);
O Oriente Portugucz; (jOUVEA, Jornada de Arcehispo de Goa
(1609). On the .Jurlsdietiou StruKelc. — Life of Hartmann
(1868); Strickland, The Goa Schism (1853): Bussieres, His-
toria do Scisma Portugmz (Li-sboii, 18o-i); :i copiou.s pamphlet
literature datine from 18.J8 to 189;l, all out of iirint.
Monographs and Biograpiiies. — Lettres cdijlantes et curieusea by M. (1780); Berthand. Mcmoires historiqucs sur leg Mis- sions (1847); Idem, La Mission de Madure (18.54); Idbu, Let- tres i'difiantes et curieuses (Madura. 1.S6.5); Saint Ctr, La Mis- sion du Madure (Paris, 1859); Oucuen. Cinquante ans de Madure (1887); Moore, History of the Mangalorc Mission; Suan. L Inde Tarnoule (1901); Litterce Annuls .Soc. Jesu (1573 etc.); lierum a Soc. Jesu in Oriente gestarum volumen (1574); Carrez. Atlas Geoqraphieus S.J. (1900); (Jdldie, First Chris- tian Mission to the Great Mogul (1897); La Mission de Vizaga- patam (1890); lEHMiT, Christianity in Ceylon; FoRTONAT, /lu pays ties liajas Uiajpuland] (1906); Coleridge, Life and letters of St. Francis Xavitr (London, 1886); Monumenia Xaveriana (Madrid, 1900): (jRoa, Vie de St. Francois Xavier (Toulouse, 1898); Anthony Marz, Life of Dr. A. Hartmann (I.S68); Suau, Mffr. Alexis Canoz (1891); Zalehki. Les Marlgrs de VInde (1900). (Ieneral and Su.ndry. — .Maff.*:i, Histariarum In- dicarum Libri (Cologne, 1.59.'l); De Houdt, Histoire Generate des Voyages (175:t); Croze. Chrislianismc de V Inde (17.58); Tief- fentaller-Benouilli, Description de Vlnde (17.86); Pauli- Nn.s A S. Bartii()L()M.*;u, India orientalis Christiana (Rome, 1794); Murray. Discoveries and travels in Asia (1820); HuuuH. Christianity in India (18:19); Mullbauer. Gcschichte der Kath. Missionen in Ostindien (Freiburg. 1852); Marshall, Christian Missions (London. 1S62): Werner. Atlas des Missions Catho- liques (1886); Idem. Orbis Terrarum CathuUeus (Freiburg. 1890): Smith. The Conversions of India (London. 1893); Strickland, The Jesuits in India (1852); Idem, Catholic Mis- sions in S. India (1.S65); Fanthome, Reminiscences of .Agra. A series of travellers' accounts since the days of Marco Polo: The Bombay Gazetteer, the .Madras and other manu.als passim; Hunter. Indian Empire, and passim in Imperial Gazetteer; Madras Catholic Directory each year from 1851 to 1909; Bu- chanan. Cliristian Researches in Asia (1811): Da Cunha, Chaul and Bassein (1876); The Origin of Bombay (1900); Stew- ard, History of Bengal (1813); Calcutta Review, V, p. 242: Portuguese in Xorth India; Ibid. (April. 1881). The Inquisition; Vindication of de Nobili in East and West (Dec. 19()5): Ed- WARDES, The Rise of Bombay (1902); The Bombay Examiner files 1907 antl onwards for History of Bombay Vicariate; a large ecclesiastical bibliography will be found in D'Or.sey. Portu- guese Discoveries, p. 379 sq.
Secular Literature. — Al.i.en, Narrative of Indian History (1909); Cyclopedia of India (London, 1908); Smith, Early his- tory of India; Smith, .4soi'a in Rulers of India series; Hoernle AND Stark, History of India; Dutt, Ancient and Modern India (Calcutta, 1889-1890); Poole. A/fdifi'(i/ India in .•■Story of the Nations series; Rees. The Muhammadans in Epochs of India series; Bernier. Travels, ed. by Constable; Rul- ers of India series (.Clive, Warren Hastings, etc.); Mallemon. History of the French in India (London. 1868): .Malllson. Decisive battles of India; Hunter. Brief history of the Indian peo- ples; JopPEN. Historical Atlas of India; Hunter. The Indian Empire (London. 1.893): Hunter. Imperial Gazetteer of India (1910); Haug. Essays on the Parsis, cd. West: Weber. History of Indian Literature (Ijondon, 1892); Cu.st, Modern Languages of the East Indies (London, 1898); Dowson, Dic- tionary of Hindu mythology, religion, geography, history and literature (1879): Monier-Williams, Modern India and the Indians; Hodgson, Essays relating to Indian subjects; BlGAN- DET, Life or Legend of Gautlama [Buddha] (London, 1880); Bauth. Religions of India (London. 1S82): Oa\ies. Hindu Philosophy; .lAcrjB, Manual of Hindu Pantheism; Davies. The Bhagavad-gita; GouGH. The Philosophy of the I'panishads and ancient Indian metaphysics (London. 1S82); Phayre. History of Burma (London, 1883); BuRNELL, The laws of Manu; His- Lip, Aboriginal tribes of Central Provinces (1866); Watson and Kaye, People of India, races and tribes (1868): Glek;. Life of Munro; Tenuent. Ccw/on (London. 1860): Tuon^Tovi, British India; Crooke. Popular religion and folklore of N. India (Alla- habad, 1894); \\'ll.Klss, Hindu Theology; GKKRt, Burma after the conquest; Malcolm. Political hi.itory of India; Williams. Hinduism; IOrskine. India under Babcr and Ilumoyun; Du- bois, Hindu manners and customs (Oxford, 1.899); Uhys- Davids, Buddhism (New York, 1S96); Wilki.n's. Daily life and work in India; PAOriELD, The Hindu at home; Manning, An- cient and medieval India (London. 1S69); W'illiams. Thought and life in India; Elpiii.n.stone. The History of India (1.S66): Wheeler. The History of India (4 vols.. I-.ondon. 1874-76): ToD, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan; Risley, The people of India; Monier-Williams. Indian Wisdom (I^ondon. 1876); MacDonnell, Sanscrit Literature (London, 1900).
Ernest R. Hull.
Indiana, one of the United States of America, the nineteenth in point of admission, lies between 37° 47' and 11° 50' N. lat., and lietween 84° 49' and 88° 2' W. long. Its lensth is 2(57 miles, north and south, and its average width, east and west. 140miles. ItsareaisS.i,- 8S5 square miles, or 22,966,400 acres. On the north it is
bounded by the State of Michigan and Lake Michigan,
on the east by the State of Ohio, on the South by the
Ohio River, and on the West Ijy the Wabash River
and the State of Illinois. It is subdivided into ninety-
two counties. Indianapolis is now the capital, situ-
ated in the geographical centre of the State. The
State has only three lake ports, Michigan City, Indi-
ana Harbor, and Oary.
Physical (Characteristics. — There are no moun- tains in the State; the area is generally level or un- dulating. l)ut with continuous drainage slopes of con- siderable extent. The most rugged or broken portion of the State borders the Ohio and extends north from twenty to fifty miles, intersper.sed by fertile \ alleys and table lands. There is more or less Ijroken land adjacent to the larger streams, but back of these the country undulates and becomes level with ea.sy drain- age. More than eighty per cent, of the State was orig- nially dense forest, interspersed with open stretches. In the north-west portion of th(^ State the great prairie begins th:it stretches across Illinois. Approxi- m:itely ninety per cent, of the original forest has been cleared anil the hind lirought to ;i high state of culti- vation. The Wal)ash and Ohio are the only navigable rivers, the former having once been navigable for light-draught steamboats as far north as Lafayette. But navigation to any extent has receded to a point below Terre Haute. All streams originally abounded in fish, but the supply has greatly diminished in recent years ; strict fishery laws are now in force to encourage an increase.
Population. — This, like the other central States north of the Ohio, is composed of a population of mixed origin (2,775,000 in 1908). Its first white settlers were the French from Canada, of whom some traces still exist, maiidy near Vincennes, at Terre Haute, and around South Bend. The next in order of time were pioneers from Kentucky and southern Ohio, who first settled the southern counties. With later material progress in the nineteenth century, New York and \ew England l>lood contrilnited to the population of the northi^rn part of the State, with generous infusions from the mixed races of Pennsyl- vania and M;iryland. The digging of the Wabash and Erie Canal attracted large numbers of Irish and German immigrants, who worked upon the project. With the railroad and agricultural development in the middle of the century came further infusions of Irish, (ierman. New England, and Eastern blood — the two hitter clas.ses being the descendants of ancestors who had crossed the Atlantic from (Ireat Britain in the century or more preceding the Revolution, l)ut thor- oughly Americanized under the conditions of their new habitat. Foreign immigration in the past thirty years has not added largely to the population, but lias proceeded farther west, leaving, however, as it crossed the State, some English, Swedes, Germans, and Swiss.
Resources. — Although Indiana stands thirty-fifth in area among the states, in agricultural resources the State stands fifth in the production of wheat, and sixth in that of corn and oats. In 1908 the State produced ;12,746,145 bushels of wheat from 2,059,339 acres; ;U,:5()8,570 bushels of oats from 1,. 528, .502 acres; 120,447,.582 bushels of corn from 3,884,980 acres; 4,143,0.84 bushelsof potatoes from 66,,S,S4 acres; 1,835,- 244 tons of hay from 1,317,455 acres; besides im- portant items of tomatoes, clover, tobacco, peas, onions, clover seed, butter, cheese, poultry, eggs, and apples. The State is also a liberal producer of horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep. The assessed valua- tion of its f;irms is .5660,172,175. In 1908 the popu- lation was 2,775,000; its total taxables in 1907 being $1,767,815,487. Of gravel ami macadamized roads there were in the same year 18,252 miles; of steam railroads, 7,142, and 1.7(i3 miles of electric inter-urban roads. Ohio and Switzerland are the only counties
