GUIANA
63
GUIBERT
Cathedral, Paramaribo,
Dutch Guiana
Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, with an area of 46,060
square miles, had in 1905 a population of 75,465.
The government, is administered by a council under
the presidency of a Dutch governor. The Vicariate
Apostolic of Dutch Guiana, with its seat at Paramari-
bo, was erected by (iregory XVI in 1842, and has
spiritual jurisdiction over 13, .300 Catholics, a number
excee(led by no other Christian denomination in the
colony e.xcept the Moravians (28,- 025). The coolie population num- bers nearly 12,- 000 pagans, be- sides a large number of Mo- hammedans. The mission here has been entrusted by the Holy See to the Redemp- torists.
French Guiana, also called Coi/- cnne, has an area of 30,500 square miles, and since 1855 has been u.sed as a penal settlement. Its population in 1901 was 32,908, including 4097 convicts at hard labour, and 2193 on ticket of leave. The number of aborigines is probably less than 3000. The capital city, Cayenne, has a population of over 12,000. The gover- nor appointed from Paris, is assisted by a council of five members, in addition to which there is an elective assembly, and the colony is represented in the Paris Chamber by one deputy. The chief industry is placer gold-mining. The Prefecture Apostolic of Cayenne, separated from Martinique in 1731, includes juris- diction over the Brazilian district of Ciuiana. There are about 20,000 Catholics, 27 churches or chapels, 18 mission stations, 22 priests, and 5 schools with 900 pupils. The Sisters of Saint^Paul de Chartres have had charge of the hospital at Cayenne since 1818. This mission was the scene of the heroic labours of Mother Anne-Marie de Javouhey (d. 1851), who was locally known as la Mire des Noirs.
PlOLET, Le.'i missions catholiques franfaises (Paris, 1903), VI; Andki'^ .4 Siduralist in the Guianas (London, 1904); Mulhai.l, The Eiiuli-^h. in Soiilh America (Buenos Aires, 1S771; Scruggs and Storkow, The Brief for Venezuela (London, 1896).
E. Macpherson.
Guiana, Diocese op. See St. Thom.\s of Guiana.
Guibert of Ravenna, antipope, known as Clement III, 1080 (1084) to 1100; b. at Parma about 1025; d. at Civita Castellana, 8 Sept., 1100. This adversary of Pope Gregory VII and of his reform policies came from a noble family of Parma, which was related to the Margraves of Canossa. We first find him in his- tory as a cleric and imperial chancellor for Italy. This office he received in tJie year 1057 from the Empress .4gnes. He retained it until 1063. Guibert took part in the synod which was held by the newlyelected pope, Nicholas II (1058-1061), at Sutri in January, 10.59. But on the latter's death he contrived through his influence with the anti-reform party of the Upper Ital- ian clergy and at the imperial court to bring about the election of the antipope, Cadalmis of Parma (Honorius II), and became an opponent of Pope Alexander II. Owing to the active support of Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, of .\rchbishop Anno of Cologne, and espe- cially of St. Peter Damian, the lawful pope was soon
recognized even in Germany and by the Empress
Agnes. Perhaps this was the reason of tiuibert's dis-
missal in 1063 from the chancellorship. The following
nine years give us no trace of him. He must have con-
tinued, however, in friendly relations with the CSerman
Court, and retaineil the favour of the Empress Agnes,
for when, in the year 1072, the Archbishopric of
Ravenna became vacant. Emperor Henry IV, on the
recommendation of the empress, named him to this
important archiepiscopal see. Pope Alexander II
hesitated to confirm this choice, but was prevailed
upon by Cardinal Hildeljrand to sanction it. Guil)ert
thereupon took the oath of allegiance to the Holy
Father and to his successors, and was consecrated
Archbishop of Ravenna (1073).
Alexander II died shortly afterwards, and was suc- ceeded by Hildebrand, who assumed his holy office on 29 April, 1073, under the name of Gregory VII. Gui- bert participated in the first Lenten synoil of the new pope, which was held in Rome (March, 1074), and at which important laws were passed against simony and the incontinence of the clergy. But it was not long before he joined the party in opposition to the great pontiff, with whom he had quarrelled about the city of Imola. The accusation was matle against liim that he had entered into an alliance with Cencius and Car- dinal Hugo Candidus, the antagonists of Gregory VII in Rome. He absented himself from the Lenten Synod of 1075, although he was bound by oath to obey the summons to attend it. By his absence he made mani- fest his opposition to Gregory VH, who now suspended him for his refusal to attend the synod. It was in this same year that Emperor Henry IV began liis open war on Gregory. At the .synod of the German bishops at Worms (January, 1076), a resolution was adopted de- posing Gregory, and in this decision the simoniacal bishops of Lombardy joined. Among these must have been Guibert, for he shared in the sentence of excom- munication and interiliction which Gregory VII pro- nounced against the guilty bishops of LIpper Italy at the Lenten Synod of 1076.
In April of the same year a synod was held at Pavia by a number of Lombard bishops and abliots, presided over by Guibert. As these did not hesitate to proclaim the excommunication of the pope, Gregory found him- self compelled to resort to still stronger measures with regard to Guibert. At the Lenten Synod of February, 1078, he excommunicated Guibert by name, and with him Archbishop Tcbaldo of Jlilan. In March, 1080, he renewed his decree of anathema against Henry IV, and gave his recognition to Rudolph of Swabia as ruler of Germany, whereupon Henry summoned such partisans as he had among the German and Lombard bishops to a meeting at Brixen (June, 1080). This meeting drew up a new decree purporting to depose the sovereign pontiff, which Henry himself also signed, and then proceeded to elect the Archljishop of Ravenna antipope. Henry at once recognized him as pope, swearing that he would lead him to Rome, and there receive from his hands the imperial crown. Guibert put on papal garments and proceeded with great pomp to Ravenna. At the Lenten Synod of 1081 Gregory VII reiterated against Henry and his followers his decree of excommunication. The anti- pope failed to secvire recognition outside of Henry's dominions; he was in fact but a tool in the hands of the latter, and quite devoid of personal initiative. On 21 March, 1084, Henry IV succeeded after many fruit- less attempts in gaining possession of the greater part of Rome. Gregory VII found himself besieged in the Castle of Sant' .4ngelo, while, on 24 March, (juibertwas enthroned as pope in the church of St. John Lateran as Clement III. On 31 March Guibert crowned Henry IV emperor at St. Peter's. However, when the news was brought that Robert Guiscard was hastening to the aid of Gregory, Henry with his antipope left Rome to take up the fight in Tuscany against the
