ITTENBACH
256
IVES
be daily remernbercd during their absence from the and his pictures have a suave and attractive reiigiouti
monastery. According to monastic tradition, if the
absence were to be only a short one, i. e. if they were
to return the same or the following day, they merely
asked the abbot's blessing, usually at the conclusion
of one of the canonical hours, and then requested the
praj'ers of the community.
But if the journey was to occupy a longer time, a more solemn form of itinerarium was customary. Kneeling or lying prostrate at the altar steps, some
aspect and create a strong emotion in the minds of
those who gaze at them. He painted a few portraits,
but they were unimportant; his main work was in
his altar-pieces.
See various numbers of the Zeitsckrift jut Bildende Kunst (1S79 and later years).
George Charles Willi.\mson.
Ives (Yves), Saint, b. at Kermartin, near Tr^guier, Brittany, 17 October, 12.53; d. at Louannec, 19 May,
versicles and prayers were recited over them by the 1303, was the son of Helori, lord of Kermartin, and
abbot, who then dismissed the travellers with his Azo du Kenquis. In 1267 Ives was sent to the Uni-
blessing and the kiss of peace. This was most likely versify of Paris, where he graduated in civil law. He
the origin of the itinerarium as we
have it at present. The constitu-
tions of the various orders and con-
gregations usually legislate for the
particular prayers to be used by
their memliers before a journey, and
the dut.y of a community to pray
for those who may be travelling is
fulfilled at the present day by the
versicle "Divinum auxihum", said
for absent brethren at the end of
each of the canonical hours. The
inclusion of the itinerarium in the
secular Roman Breviary indicates
that its use is at least recommended
to all clerics, though not obligatory.
The " Caeremoniale Episcoporum "
directs that a prelate ought to re-
cite it with his chaplains or house-
hold before commencing a journey;
and Gavanti mentions an ancient
pontifical containing a longer form
of itinerarium for the use of prel-
ates. The usual form consists of
the canticle " Benedictus " with an-
tiphon, certain versicles, and sev-
eral collects. Two of these latter
are very ancient, being found in
the Gregorian Sacramentary. In
some modern editions of the
monastic Breviary a shorter form *'"'• '"^"phaw! 1
of itinerarium is also given, for
use "ante ambulationem extra monasterium".
DuHAND, Rationale Divini Officii (Venice, 1568); Haeften, DisquisUiones Monast. (.'Vntwerp, 1644); Gavanti, Thesaurus Sacrorum Riluum (Venice. 1744); Martene, De Antiquis Monacfiorum Ritibus (Lyons, 1790).
G. Cyprian Alston.
went to Orleans in 1277 to study
canon law. On his return to Brit-
tany having received minor orders he
was appointed "official", or ecclesi-
astical judge, of the archdeanery of
Kennes (12S0); meanwhile he stud-
ied Scripture, and there are strong
reasons for holding that he joined
the Franciscan Tertiaries sometime
later at Guingamp. He was soon
invited by the Bishop of Tr^guier to
become his "official", and accepted
the offer (1284). He displayed
great zeal and rectitude in the dis-
charge of Ills duty and did not hesi-
tate to resist the unjust taxation of
the king, which he considered an
encroachment on the rights of the
Church; by his charity he gained the
title of advocate and patron of the
poor. Having been ordained he was
appointed to the parish of Tredrez
in 12.S5 and eight years later to
Louannec, where he died. He was
buried in Treguier, and was canon-
ized in 1347 by Clement VI, his feast
being kept on 19 May. He is the
patron of lawyers, though not, it is
said, their model, for — "Sanctus Ivo
erat Brito, Advocatus et non latro,
ENBArH"" ' ^ ^^^ miranda populo."
Ada SS., Mav, V, 248; Life by de la Hate (Morlaix, 1623); and by Norbert (Paris, 1892); Daniel, Monuments originaux (St-Brieux, 1887) Anulecta Bolland., II, 324-40; VIII, 201-3; XVII, 259. A. A. MacEelEAN.
Ives, Levi Silliman, b. at Meriden, Connecticut,
U. S. A., 16 September, 1797; d. at New York, 13
October, 1867. He was one of the most distinguished
Ittenbach, Franz, historical painter; b. at Konigs- converts to the Church made in the United States
winter, at the foot of the Drachenfels, in 1813; d. at through the influence of the Tractarian Movement of
Dusseldorf, 1879. He was a pupil at the age of nine- 1848-49. The war of 1812 with England broke out
teen at the Academy of Dusseldorf, receiving also while he was at school, and he joined the array, serv-
private lessons from its president, Schadow. He was ing for a year. His further education he received at
an exceedingly religious man, and associated with him-
self three of his friends and fellow-students, Karl and
Andreas Miiller, and Ernst Deger, and the four men
travelled about in Germany, studying and painting
Hamilton College. In 1823 he was ordained a minis-
ter of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and officiated
at several charges in New York and Pennsylvania
until 1831, when he was elected Bishop of North
together. He persistently declined any commissions Carolina. Here he took great interest in the educa-
for mythological or pagan subjects, and as a rule de- tion and religious training of the coloured people of
voted his energies exclusively to church decoration, that section. Deeply impressed by the Oxford Move-
preceding the execution of his greatest works by ment, he founded at Valle Crucis in North Carolina
devout religious exerci-ses, including confession and a religious community, called the "Brotherhood of
communion. His finest paintings are to be found at the Holy Cross ". The members, a few clergymen and
Bonn, in the church of St. Remigius, and in Breslau in zealous laymen, observed a community rule and went
a church dedicated to the same saint. There is also a about preaching Tractarian ideas. So warm was the
remarkable "Holy Family" dated 1861, painted for advocacy of the C)xford theories by Bishop Ives that
Prince Liechtenstein in his private chapel near Vienna, he was arraigned for them before the convention of
and many other works by him are in various Catholic the Episcopal Church. His explanations were ac-
churche.s'in Germany, ills only important fresco was cepted for a time, but the "Brotherhood of the Holy
painted in 1844 in a church at Rcmagen. He was a Cross" was dissolved. In 18,52 he went to Rome
very popular painter in court circles, a member of and made his submission to the pope, and thus, as he
most of the European academies, and the recipicnl of said himself, "abandoned a position in which he had
many medals and decorations. His eolouriiig is acted asa minister of the Protestmit Episcopal Church
correct and delicate, and yet of remarkable brilliance, for more than thirty years, and as a bishop of the
