JAPAN
303
JAPAN
Normal Schools. — Each department is obliged to
have at least one normal school. The course is four
years for boys, and three for girls. Preparatory
courses and courses of pedagogy may be added ac-
cording to circumstances to the regular courses. The
expenses of education are defrayed by the depart-
ments, but graduates are obliged to teach for eight
years. Number of normal schools, 67; teaching
staff, 1112 (men, 980, women, 132); students 18,928
(boys, 14,176; girls, 4752). Higher normal schools:
for boys, 2; teachers, 212; students, 2456; for girls, 1 ;
teachers, 95; students, 858.
Special Schools. — Medicine and pharmacy, 10; statistics, law, political economy, 12; literature and religion, 26; other schools, 2. Total." schools, 50; professors, 1537; students, 25,573.
Technical Schiiols, and Schools Preparatory thereto. — Schools of agriculture, 142; professors, 1151; stu- dents, 17,390; preparatory schools, 3785; professors, 1162; students, 149,225. Fishery schools, 11; profes- sors, 64; students, 811; preparatory schools, 103; pro- fessors, 48; students, 3344. Schools of arts and crafts, 35; professors, 599; students, 6398; supple- mentary schools, 155; professors, 240; students, 8365. Schools of commerce, 70; professors, 1087; students, 20,685; supplementaries, 167; professors, 225; stu- dents, 10,541. Merchant marine, 9; professors, 127; students, 2008; supplementaries, 1; professor, 1; students, 27. Schools of apprenticeship or of fore- men, 326; professors, 3402; students, 51,929. Total: schools, 4804; professors, 8106; students, 270,723. In 1899 the number of technical schools was 227; professors, 1245; students, 23,095. Miscellaneous schools, 2092; professors, 7619; students, 142,695.
Establishments Founded andMainiaincd bi/ thcGovern- ment. — Under the jurisdiction of the minister of public instruction are: the two universities of Tokio and Kyoto, the seven high schools, the two higher normal schools for boys, and that for girls. There are be- sides, one high school of agriculture and arboriculture (professors, 32; students, 244); five high schools of arts and crafts (professors, 139; .students, 1502); four high schools of commerce (professors, 109; stu- dents, 2477) ; five high schools of medicine (professors, 116; students, 2693) ; one school of foreign languages, in which are taught English, French, German, Rus- sian, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Corean, Hindustani, Malayan, and Mongolian (Japanese professors, 32; foreign, 12; students, 648); 1 school of fine arts (pro- fessors, 52; students, 440); 1 school of music (Japan- ese professors, 39; foreign, 5; pupils, 540); 1 school for deaf-mutes and the blind (professors, 20; students, 320); 4 schools of pedagogy (professors, 15: students.
Under the Jurisdiction of the Imperial Household. — Schools for the nobility, 1 for boys (professors, 86; stu- dents, 531); 1 for girls (prof e.ssoVs, 60; students, 618). Dependent on the minister of communications, 1 naval school of commerce (professors, 48; students, 495). Dependent on the ministry of war: one high school of war; one school of practical artillery- and en- gineering; one military school; one central' mihtary public school at Tokio; five other public schools out- side of Tokio; school for scouts; cavalry school; school of sharpshooting; commissariat school; school of mili- tary music (professors, 624; students, 4111). De- pendent on the ministry of marine: high school of marine; naval school; school of mechanics; medical school; school of accountants; school of naval con- struction, etc. (professors, 213; students, 902). Total number of professors in schools under Government supervision, 2748; students, 32,879. In 1907 the ex- penditure for schools under the supervision of the departments and districts reached 44,855,568 yen. The receipts equalled 9,SS8,543 yen. Deficit, 35,080,- 543 yen. The property of the pulilic schools (grounds, buildings, books, mstruments, etc.) represents a sum
of 122,563,491 yen; special funds, a sum of 21,516,652
yen. The number of libraries (1907) equalled 127,
containing 1,464,717 volumes. Number of visitors,
949,798. Books issued within the year, 28,319;
journals and reviews, 1988. An academy (Gaku-shi-
Kwai-in) was founded at Tokio by imperial decree in
1890. Placed under the jurisdiction of the minister
of public instruction, it is composed of iorty members,
chosen from among the most learned of the country.
Fifteen are appointed by the emperor, the remaining
twenty-five b}' the minister at the nomination of the
former. They discuss the questions proposed by the
minister of public instruction and give their advice.
They meet once a month and treat scientific questions.
The hall is open to the public.
Army. — P'rom the beginning of the feudal system until its abolition (1192-1868), that is, for a period of nearly 700 years, military service was the exclusive privilege of the Samurai. This privilege was abolished after the Restoration. To-day every Japanese with- out distinction of caste is liable to be called upon to bear arms. Japan has adopted the European sj'stem for its armies. Conscription was inaugurated in 1872. The drawing of lots takes place at the age of twenty. The average annual number of recruits is 120.000 men; infantry, 68,000; cavalry, 3900; artillery, 7500; siege artillery, 3000; field artillery, 600 (divisions and imperial guard) . Sappers and miners, 2600; com- missariat, 2000; railroad and telegraph corps, 700; train, 20,000. Adding to this those who are assigned to special services, we reach the figure of 120,000 men.
Exemptions. — A son whose father is sixty years of age is exempt from service, if the latter has no means of support. A reprieve is granted to students who have a diploma from the secondary schools and to students who reside in a foreign country (except those who are in the Asiatic countries near Japan). The term of service may be shortened bj' a year of volun- tary service, and for this it is necessary to be provided with a diploma from the secondary schools. After their year of service the volunteers are passed into the reserves with the grade of non-commissioned officer. They are obliged to defray all the expenses of the barracks. Professors in the primary schools are bound to only six months' service, at the expiration of which they are passed into the territorial forces.
Organization. — The army is divided into the active army, army of reserve, and territorial army. The duration of service in the active army is two years; in the reserve, four and a half years; in the territorial army, ten years. The two years' service, inaugurated in 1908, necessitated a supplementary expenditure of 170,000,000 yen, to be assessed in ten years. The num- ber of divisions during the Russo-Japanese war was raised from twelve to sixteen. At present there are eighteen, not counting the division of the imperial guard. In time of war Japan can put in the field an army of 1,000,000 men. Officers and officials affiliated with the acti\-e armj" generals, 16; generals of di- visions, 33; brigadier-generals, 96; colonels, 233; lieu- tenant-colonels, 353; commandants, 1008; captains, 3426; lieutenants, 3976; sub-lieutenants, 3208; affili- ated officers, 1710; total, 14,085; salaries, 9,402,576 yen. Councils of war are established in the army to judge the soldiers. Where a state of siege has been proclaimed their jurisdiction extends to all citizens without exception. There are eighteen of these, one to a division. Cases judged in 1907, 1993. To each division are attached a prison and a hospital. Sol- diers committed to prison (1907), 2311; released, 2269. Sick persons cared for in the hospitals, 78,599; deaths, 357. In 1877 the constabulary {gendarmerie was created according to the French sy.stem. It consti- tutes the police force of the armies of land and sea, and shares the duties of the administrative and judiciary police. The constables wear a military uniform and carry a sword and pistol. The constabulary forms
