JESUIT'S BARK
373
JESUIT'S BARK
Ion, and Farther India are the chief sources whence
the raw material issuppUed. The history of cinchona
bark, which dates back two hundred and eighty years,
has greatly influenced that of pharmacy, notany,
medicine, trade, theoretical and practical chemistry,
and tropical agriculture. Two hundred and fifty
years ago the physician Bado declared that this bark
had proved more precious to mankind than all the
gold and silver which the Spaniards ol)tained from
South America, and the world confirms his opinion
to-day. Two hundred years ago the Italian professor
of medicine Ramazzini said that the introduction
of Peruvian bark would be of the same importance to
medicine that the discovery of gunpowder was to the
art of war, an opinion endorsed by contemporary
writers on the history of medicine. Whoever has
searched the annals of cinchona will recognize the
truth of the following observations of Weddel (d.
1S77): "Few subjects in natural history have excited
general interest in a higher degree than cinchona; none
perhaps have hitherto merited the attention of a
greater number of distinguished men. "
This explains the fact that the above-named branches of science all possess an extensive literature on cinchona, which is accessible for purposes of com- parison to those who care to study the subject in de- tail. Limited space here permits merely a sketch of the relation Ijetween the Jesuits and cinchona bark, with an elucidation of the terms "Jesuit's Bark", "Jesuit's Tree", "Jesuit's Powder", " Pulvis Pa- trum", etc., necessitating a glance into the earliest lit- erature on cinchona, where, however, many difficulties arise. For a just appreciation of these difhculties, the following quotation from Alexander von Humboldt, which sufficiently accounts for them, should be borne in mind: "It almost goes without saying that among Protestant physicians hatred of the Jesuits and reli- gious intolerance lie at the Ijottom of the long conflict over the good or harm effected by Peruvian Bark. " Many tales which were formerly widespread have proved fabulous; others are to be modified in detail; to which must be added modern discoveries of unques- tioned genuineness. Scientific proof is found partly in the work of the present writer.
The Spanish Jesuit missionaries in Peru were taught the healing power of the bark by natives, between 1(320 and 1630, when a Jesuit at Loxa was indebted to its use for his cure from an attack of malaria (Loxa Bark). It was used at the recommendation of the Jesuits in 1630, when Countess Chinchon (C'inchon; the derivative is Cinchona, the appellation selected by Linnseus in 1742 — Markham prefers Chinchona), wife of the new viceroy, who had just arrived from Europe, was taken ill with malaria at Lima. The countess was saved from death, and in thanksgiving caused large quantities of the liark to be collected, which she dis- tributed to malaria sufferers, partly in person and partly through the Jesuits of St. Paul's College at Lima (pulvis comitisste). She did not return to Eu- rope and was not the first to bring the bark there or to spread its use through Spain and the rest of the Continent, as stated by Markham. For the earliest transportation of the bark we must thank the Jesuit Barnab^ de Cobo (1.582-16.57; the Cobcea plant), who rendered important services in the exploration of Mexico and Peru. In his capacity of procurator of the Peruvian province of his order, he brought the bark from Lima to Spain, and afterwards to Rome and other parts of Italy, in 1632. In the meanwhile its merits must have been ascertained both in Lima and in various parts of Europe, as Count Chinchon and his physician de \'ega brought it back with them in 1640.
Count Chinchon, however, troubled himself little about the use or sale of the Ijark. A greater distribu- tion resulted from the large quantity brought over by the Jesuit Bartolom(5 Tafur, who, like Cobo, came to Spain in 1643 while procurator of the Peruvian prov-
ince of his order, proceeded through France (there is
an alleged cure of the young Louis XI\', when still
dauphin, effected by Father Tafur l)y means of Peru-
vian bark), and thence to Italy as far as Rome. Tafur
had frequent intercourse with the celebrated Jesuit the-
ologian de Lugo, who became a cardinal in 1643. From
him de Lugo heard of the cinchona, and remained
from 1643 until his death in 16G0 its faitliful advocate,
zealous defender, and generous, disinterested dispenser
in Italy and the rest of Europe, for which he was hon-
oured in the appellation of pulvis cardinalis, pulvis
Lugonis, and by having several portraits painted of
him. De Lugo had the bark analysed by the pope's
physician in ordinary, Gabriele Fonseca,who reported
on it very favourably. Its distribution among the
sick in Rome took place only on the advice and with
the consent of the Roman doctors. The cardinal had
more bark brought from America over the traile routes
through Spain. Almost all the other patrons of the
drug in those times appear to have been directly in-
fluenced by de Lugo; as, for in.stance, the lay brother
Pietro Paolo Pucciarini, S.J. (1600-1661), apothecary
in the Jesuit college at Rome, who undoubtedly de-
serv'es the greatest credit after de Lugo for distribut-
ing the genuine unadulterated article, and to whom
are attributed the Roman directions for its use (sche-
dula Romano), the earliest dating at least from 1651.
In his friend Honore Fabri, a French Jesuit, who
stayed for a time in Rome, de Lugo won a determined
defender of the bark against the first anti-cinchona
pamphlet written by the Brussels doctor Jean-
Jacques Chifflet. Under the pseudonym of Antimus
Conygius, Fabri wrote in 1655 the first paper on cin-
chona published in Italy, as well as the fir.st of the
long list of brochures defending its use and the only
independent article on this bark which has been issued
by a Jesuit. The two Genoese, Girolamo Bardi, a
priest, and Sebastiano Ba(l)do, a physician, who
were among the pioneer advocates of the plant, were
intimate with the cardinal, and Ba(i)do prefi.xed to
his principal work a letter from de Lugo, dated 1659,
on cinchona, which shows that the cardinal even
when seventy-seven years old was still active in its
behalf.
Circumstances created a suitable opportunity for disseminating the bark from Rome throughout Eu- rope by means of the Jesuits. In 1646, 1650, and 1652 the delegates to the eighth, ninth, and tenth general councils of the order (three from each province) returned to their homes, taking it with them, and at the same time there is evidence of its use in the Jesuit collegesat Genoa, Lyons, Louvain, Ratislion,etc. The remedy — connected with the name of Jesuit — very soon reached England. The English weekly "Mercu- rius Politicus" in 1658 contains in four numbers the announcement that: "The excellent powder known by the name of 'Jesuit's powder' may be olitained from several London chemists." It remains to recall the fact that even in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies the bark kept in the Jesuit pharmacies or in their colleges was considered particularly efficacious because they were better able to pro\'ide a genuine unadidterated supply. Further, that in those two cen- turies Jesuit missionaries took the remedy to the ma- laria regions of foreign countries, even reaching the court of Peking, where they cured the emperor by its means; that in Peru during the eighteenth century they urged American collectors to lay out new planta- tions; and in the nineteenth century they were the first to plant cinchona outside of South America.
RoMPEL. Kritische Sludien zur altesten Geschichte der China- rinde (Feldkirch, 1905); Herber-MANN in Historical Records ami Studies, IV (New York, 1906) ; as a very important histori- cal reference see Badus, Anastasis Corticis Peruvia (Genoa, 1663); Backer in Medical Transactions, III (London, 1785); VON Berge.n, Versuch einer Monographic der China (Hamburg, 1826); Weddel. Histoire NatureUe des Quirtfjuinas {Paris, 1849); Markham, A memoir of the Lady Ana de Osorio (London, 1874);
