JOEST
420
J06UES
book to the period after the Exile, both because chap-
ter iii assumes the dispersal of the Jews among other
nations, and because tlie eschatology of Joel presup-
poses the later period of Jewish theology. It is, how-
ever, impossible for Joel to have been a contemporary
of the Prophet Malachias, because of the manner in
which the former looks upon the priests of his period
as perfect leaders and mediators for the nation. None
of the chronological hypotheses concerning Joel can
claim to posse-ss convincing proof.
See the introductions to the Scriptures of Cornelt, Vigou- Roux, GiGOT, Driver, Cornill, and .Strack. For special ques- tions: Pearson, The Prophecy of Joel (Leipzig, 1885); Sebok, Die syrische Uebersetzung der XII kteinen Propheten (Leipzig, 1887); Kessner, Das Zeitalter ties Propheten Joel (Leipzig, 1888); SlEVERS, Alltesl. Miscellen (Leipzig, 1907). Commen- taries on Joel.-— Catholic: .Scholz (Wurzburg, 1885); Knaben- BAUER (Paris, 1886); Van HooN acker (Paris, 1908). Protes- tant: Smith (London, 1897); Driver (Cambridge, 1898); Adams (London, 1902); Nowack (2nd ed., Gottingen, 1903); Marti (Tubingen. 1904)- Eiselen (New Yorlc, 1907); Orelli (3rd ed., Munich, 1908). Further bibliography in commentaries.
Michael Faulhaber.
Joest (Van Kalkaji), Jan, otherwise Jan Joost VAN Calcker, Dutch painter, b. at Calcker, or Calcar, about 14(50; d. at Haarlem in 1519. This painter was practically unknown until 1874, when Canon Wolff and Dr. Eisenraann establi.shed his identity. Joest's great work, executed between 1505 and 1508, and representing scenes from the life of Clirist, painted on the wings of the high altar in the church of St. Nicholas at Calcker, had been familiar to critics, but not so the painter. Canon Wolff found many references to him in the archives of his native place, and was able to prove the date of the painting of the masterpiece, and the fact that in 1518, Joest was working at Cologne for the important family of Hackeneg. After leaving Cologne he appears to have gone to Italy, and to have visited Cienoa and Naples, returning thence to Holland, and settled down at Haarlem, where he executed a painting of St. Willibrod for the church of St. Bavon. In the last edition of Van der Willigen's work on the painters of Haarlem is the reference to the burial of the artist, there called Jan Joosten, under the date 1519. There are paintings attributed to Joest at Wesel and Hees, and the "Death of the Virgin" in Munich is be- lieved to be his. He was an artist of very high merit, and has been compared with David and Memlinc, but he more properly belongs to the school of Scorel, and one of the special features of his work is the exquisite transparency of his colouring and the subtle and very delicate modelling of the faces.
_ The chief account of him is that by Wolff, De Nikolas Kirche zu Kalkar, but reference should also be made to Walt- man's (te&chichte der Malerei and the Zeitachrift fur Bildende Kunst (1876). GeORGB ChaRLES WILLIAMSON.
Jogues, Isaac, French missionary, born at Or- leans, France, 10 Jan., 1007; martyred at Ossernenon, in the present State of New York, 18 Oct., 1646. He was the first Catholic priest who ever came to Man- hattan Island (New York). He entered the Society of Ji^sus in 1624 and, after having been professor of lit- erature at Rouen, was sent as a missionary to Canada in 16:J6. He came out with Montmagny, the imme- diate successor of Champlain. From Queljec he went to the regions around the great lakes where the illus- trious Father de Br6beut and others were labouring. There he spent six years in constant danger. Though a daring missionary, his character was of the most prac- tical nature, his purpose always being to fix his people ill pcTin;inent habitations. He was with Gamier among tlic I'ctuns, and he and Raymbault penetrated as far
- is Saiilt Ste Marie, and " were the first missionaries ",
says Bancroft (VII, 790, London, 1853), "to preach the gospel a thousand miles in the interior, five years before John Eliot addressed the Indians .six miles from Boston Harbour". There is little doubt that they were not only the first apostles but also the first whitiie men to reach this outlet of Lake Superior. No docu- mentary proof is adduced by the best-known histc;-
rians that Nicolet, the discoverer of Lake Michigan,
ever visited the Sault. Jogues proposed not only to
convert the Indians of Lake Superior, but the Sioux
who lived at the head waters of the Mississippi.
His plan was thwarted by his capture near Three Rivers returning from Quebec. He was taken prisoner on 3 .\ugust, 1642, and after beingcruelly tortured was carried to the Indian village of Ossernenon, now Auries- ville, on the Mohawk, about forty miles above the present city of Albany. There he remained for thir- teen months in slavery, suffering apparently beyond the power of natural endurance. The Dutch Calvin- ists at Fort Orange (.Albany) made constant efforts to free him, and at last, when he was about to be burnt to death, induced him to take refuge in a sailing vessel which carried him to New Amsterdam (New York). His description of the colony as it was at that time has since been iiicorporated in the Documentary History of the State. From New York he was sent, in mid- winter, across the ocean on a lugger of only fifty tons burden and, after a voyage of two months, landed Christmas morning, 1643, on the coast of Brittany, in a state of absolute destitution. Thence he found his waj' to the nearest college of the Society. He was re- ceived with great honour at the court of the Queen Regent, the mother of Louis XIV, and was allowed by Pope Urban VIII the very excep- tional privilege of celebrating Mass, which the muti- lated condition of his hands had made canonically impossible; sev- eral of his fingers having been eaten or burned off. He was called a mar- t)T of Christ by the pontiff. No similar conces- sion, up to that, is known to have been granted.
In the early spring of 1644 he returned to Can- ada, and in 1646 was sent to ne- gotiate peace with the Iroquois. He followed the same route over which he had been carried as a captive. It was on this occasion that he gave the name of Lake of the Blessed Sacra- ment to the body of water called by the Indians Hor- icon, now known as Lake George. He reached Os- sernenon on 5 June, after a three weeks' journey from the St. Lawrence. He was well received by his former captors and the treaty of peace was made. He started for (Quebec on 10 June and arrived there 3 July. He immediately asked to be sent back to the Iroquois as a missionary, but only after much hesitation his supe- riors acceded to his request. On 27 September he be- gan his third and last journey to the Mohawk. In the interim sickness had broken out in the tribe and a blight had fallen on the crops. This double calamity was ascribed to Jogues whom the Indians always re- garded as a sorcerer. They were determined to wreak vengeance on him for the spell he had cast on the place, and warriors were sent out to capture him. The news of this change of sentiment s|)rea<l rapidly, and though fully aware of the danger J(ig\ies continued on his way to Ossernenon, though all the Ilurons and others who were with him fled except Lalande. The Iroquois met him near Lake George, stripped him naked, slashed him with their knives, beat him and
Isaac Jogues
