JOUIN
527
JOUVANCY
Through the intervention of the Duke of Burgundy,
Jouffroy had tried to obtain the cardinalate, and he
soon found an opportunity of attaining this end. The
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438), besides as-
serting the superiority of councils over the Roman
pontiff, had lessened the freedom and independence
of the Church in France, and had, to a great extent,
withdrawn it from the pope's control. While yet
Dauphin, Louis XI had pledged himself to abolish the
Pragmatic Sanction in the event of his succession to
the throne. Upon his becoming king (1461), nego-
tiations were opened by Pius II, who appointed
Jouffroy as his legate. The king showed himself fa-
voiu-ably disposed, but, in return, expected that the
pope would change his Neapolitan policy, cease to sup-
port Ferrante, and recognize John of Calabria as Iving
of Naples. .\t Rome, however, Jouffroy made no
mention of this fact, and simply announceil the king's
intention of repealing the Pragmatic Sanction. In
fact Louis himself WTOte to the pope (27 Nov., 1461):
" As you require, we set aside and proscribe the Prag-
matic Sanction in our whole kingdom, in Dauphine,
and all our dominions, in which henceforth your juris-
diction shall be unquestioned. " Louis had expressed
the desire that Jouffroy be made a cardinal. Notwith-
standing the opposition of many in the Sacred College,
the pope consented, and on IS Dec, 1461, Jouffroy
was one of the seven newly appointed cardinals. In
the beginning of January, 1462, Jouffroy made known
to the pope the king's demands concerning Naples.
In his memoirs Pius II complains that " after Jouffroy
had entered the sure haven of the cardinalate, he
brought forward that which he had hitherto concealed,
namely, that the Pragmatic Sanction would certainly
be repealed only when the king's wishes regarding
Naples had been complied with." For some time the
pope seemed to be in doubt as to whether it woukl not
be advisable to yield, but finally refused, and Louis
XI, disappointed in his hopes and anticipations, be-
came enraged against the pontiff, Jouffroy himself
encouraging him in his opposition. The consequence
was that, without directly re-estabhshing the Prag-
matic Sanction, the king issued many decrees which
practically did away with the concessions made by its
revocation. Jouffroy's role in the whole affair is far
from praiseworthy, and, in his memoirs, the pope ac-
cuses him of deception, false representations, and
treachery. Pastor's judgment seems to be fully justi-
fied : " Iving Louis and Cardinal Jouffroy were a well-
matched pair."
Jouffroy became Bishop of Albi (10 Dec, 1462) and Abbot of St-Denis (1464). Several times he was sent by the king as ambassador to Rome and to Spain. He accompanied the expedition against the Duke of Armagnac besieged in Lectovu-e, but it is not certain that he took any part in the murder of the duke. Falling sick, he stopped at Rulli where he died. Jouf- froy was a good orator, and his sermons were pub- lished in D'Achery's "Spicilegium" (Paris, 1666). He was also a shrewd diplomat, but was not free from selfishness and ambition, which led him to use unfair means in the pursuit of his own ends.
FiERViLLE, Le cardinal Jean Jouffroy et son temps (Coutances,
1874); 0-Rhppin, Eloge historique de Jean Jouffroy {BesanQon
1785); Pastor, tr. Antrobus. History of the Popes, III, IV
(London, 1S94); Chevalier, Bio-bibl. II (Paris, 1907), 2667.
C. A. DUBRAY.
Jouin, Louis, linguist, philosopher, author, b. at Berlin, 14 June, 181S; d. at Nev.' York, 10 June, 1899. He was descended from a French Huguenot family, which had been forced by the Edict of Nantes to take refuge in Prussia. After spending some time in a French school he went to Poland, whore he en- tered the Catholic Church, and determined to em- brace the priesthood. With considerable difficulty he secured his release from military service, re- nounced allegiance to the land of his birth, and
made his way to Rome. He was admitted into the
Jesuit Order, entering the novitiate of San Andrea,
20 Aug., 1841. He studied philosophy for three years
in the famous Jesuit college, called the Roman Col-
lege, and laboured for a time at Reggio, at which place
he was ordained priest on 30 .April, 1848, but was
forced by the Revolution to flee the country. Ac-
cordingly in October, 1848, he came to .America, re-
mained in New York City till 1852, stuilied theology
at Fordham, 1852-56, taught in Fordham College
until 1859, and spent the following year at Sault-au-
R^collet, Canada. Returning to Fordham in 1860,
he taught theology in the scholasticate (1860-3),
and later (1866-72) filled various positions in the
college. After a visit to England in 1872, he went
to Guelph, Canada, and remained at this place till
1875. During 1875-6 he was in Montreal and dur-
ing 1876-9 at St. Francis Xavier's, New York. In
1879 he returned to Fordham, where he remained
until his death.
As a teacher he occupied in Italy, Canada, and the United States the chairs of science, mathematics, and theology; but it was to philosophy that he gave the best part of the fifty-eight years he spent in the Society of Jesus, teaching it year after year, espe- cially to young college students, with remarkable conciseness and clearness. Indeed it may be said that his life-work consisted in sowing the seeds of truth in the minds of American youth, and thus guarding them against the insidious errors of the times. For the use of his scholars, he prepared, either in lithograph or in print, various treatises on philosophical and scientific subjects. Unfortunately, only a few of these were given to the public. His published works are: "Elementa Logicaj et Meta- physical" (4th ed.. New York, 1884); "Elementa Philosophise Morahs " (New York, 1886); "Evidences of Religion" (1877); "Logic and Metaphysics", and "What Christ Revealed". Father Jouin was an ac- complished hnguist, speaking with fluency German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Polish, and Latin, besides being well versed in Greek, Hebrew, and Gaelic. He was a skilled moralist, and for many years presided over the theological conferences of the Ai-chdiocese of New York. His practical piety, acquaintance with ascetic literature, and deep knowl- edge of men caused him to be much sought after as a spiritual director and as a preacher of retreats.
Woodstock Letters, XXIX, 75.
J. H. Fisher.
Joulain, Henry. See Jaffna, Diocese of.
Jouvancy, Joseph DB (Josephus Juvencius), poet, pedagogue, philologist, and historian, b. at Paris, 14 September, 1643; d. at Rome, 29 May, 1719. At the age of sixteen he entered the Society of Jesus, and after completing his studies he taught grammar at the college at Compiegne, and rhetoric at Caen and La Fleche. He made his profession at the latter place in 1677 and was afterwards appointed professor at the Colldge Louis-le-Grand at Paris. In 1699 he was called by his superiors to Rome to continue the history of the Society of Jesus begun by Orlandini, and was engaged on this work until his death. Jouvancy wrote largely upon those topics which engaged his attention as a member of the order. He composed about ten tragedies, all of which were published at Paris, and several of which were fretjuently acted. It is not certain, however, that all the dramas ascribed to Jouvancy were written by him, for some of them are also attributed to other members of the order. Jouvancy also wrote many poems in Latin and Greek for special occasions. He had a masterly knowledge of classical Latin and procured the translation into Latin of many works in other languages, as the funeral oration over Prince Henri de Bourbon, oldest son of Louis XIV, delivered in December, 1683, at Paris by
