KALANDS
593
EALINKA
easier way of disposing of these crippled and afflicted
creatures'; they simply drive them into the great
wilderness. AJl the natives belong to the Papuan
race, but along the coast are found a few of Malay
race; the few Malays and Chinese are mostly artisans
in various trades. The centre of navigation is Astro-
lalje Bay and Friedrich Wilhelmshafen. The latter
station lielongs to the New Guinea Company, which
has, with few exceptions, the monopoly of all land
there. Seven English miles north of it is .\lexis-
hafen, superior in every way to Friedrich Wilhelms-
hafen.
Missiones Catholicm (Rome, 1907); Catholic Missions (1S97- 99) ; Annals of the Propagation of the Faith.
E. LiMBHOCK.
Ealands Brethren (K.\L.o.-DBRfDER, Fratres Cal- ENDARil), the name given to religious and charitable associations of priests and laTOien especially numerous in Northern and Central Germany, which held regular meetings for religious edification and instruction, and also to encourage works of charity and prayers for the dead. They were originalh' an extension of the meet- ings of the clergy of the separate deaneries usually held on the first day of each mouth {Kalendw, hence their title Kaland). After the thirteenth century these meetings developed in many cases into special, organized societies to which both priests and the laity, men and women, belonged. Special statutes regvi- lated the conduct of the society, its reimions, the duties of the directors in promoting the rehgious life and Christian disciphne, the services to be held, the administration of the general funds, and their applica- tion to charitable purposes. A dean was at the head of each association, and a treasurer administered the revenues. The associations were encouraged by the bishops, who assigned them particular churches or at least special altars for Divine Ser\ice. The offering of prayers and the Sacrifice of the Mass for deceased members was especially fostered. The oldest known Kaland confraternity is that of Ottberg near Hoeh- ster (Westphaha), of whose existence in 1226 we have documentary evidence. The " Calendarii " flourished especially in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but later decayed. A banquet was introduced at the meetings, which subsequently degenerated in many instances into a revel, leading in certain neighbour- hoods to abuses. From Germany the Kalantl con- fraternities spread to Denmark, Norway, Hungary, and France. In the sixteenth century the Reforma- tion led to the dissolution of the majority; the rest gradually disappeared, only one being now known to exist, that of Miinster in Westphalia.
ScHATZ, Der Kaland, ein Gedicht des 13. Jahrhunderts (Hal- beratadt Programme. 1S50-1): Feller, Dissertalio de fratribus Calendariis (Leipzig, 1691); Blumberg, Veber die Kalands- bruder {Chemnitz, 1721); Dittmer, 7>as Heilio-Geist-Spital und die St. Clemens- Kaland zuLubeck (Lubeck, 1838); Bierling. Die Kalandsbriiderschaften, bes. in der Diozese Paderbom in Zeitschr. fur vaterland. Gesch. u. AUertumskunde, X, 3rd series (Munster, 1872), 175-237: Bode.m.ann, Die geisll. Briiderschaften, insbeson- dere die Kalands- und KagelhrHder der Sladt hiineburg im Miltd- aUer in Zeitschr. des histor. Vereins fiir Xiedersachsen (1882), 64- 128; Die norddeutschen Kalandsgesellschaften u. der Kaland in Munster in Hist.-polit. Blatter, LXXXVII (1881), 669-80; Michael, Gesch. des deulsrhen Volkes, II (Freiburg, 1889), 198; Rautexstr.auch, Die Kalandbritderschaften, das kuUurelle Yor~ bild der sachsischen Kantoreien (Dresden, 1903).
J. P. EJRSCH.
Ealcker, Jan Stephanus van (Giovanni d.^. C.^Ij- c.\R and Jo.^jNNES Steph.\nus Calc.vrensis), Flemish painter, nativeof the Duchy of Cleves; b. between 1499 and 1510; d. at Naples, 1546. Vasari refers to this painter several times, mainly with respect to his hav- ing been a pupil of Titian, entering his school in 1536, and to his faculty for copying the works of that mas- ter with extraordinarv accuracy. Kalcker appears to have worked first at Donlrecht, but the greater part of his life was spent at Naples, and there, as Vasari tells us, " the fairest hopes had been conceived respecting VIII.— 38 _
his future progress." He was responsible for the
eleven large plates of anatomical studies which were
engraved for Andrea Vesalio as illustrations for his
work on anatomy, and \'asari praises them very
highly. Kalcker is also said to have drawn the por-
traits of the artists in the early edition of ^■asari's
"Lives". By some writers he has been declared to
have been a close imitator of Giorgione; all who wTite
about him unite in stating that his imitations of the
works of the great Venetian artists, and also of
Raphael, were so extraordinary that they deceived
many critics of the day. His pictures are to be seen
in Berlin, Paris, Florence, Vienna, and Prague, and
his original works are, as a rule, portraits, although at
Prague there is a remarkable "Nativity" by him,
which was once the property of Rubens.
LoMAZZo. Trattato dclV Arte d'clla PiUwra, etc. (Milan. 1584); Van- .M.ander. Le Livre des Peintres (Paris, 1884), ed. Htmans; Vasari. Vile de' piu eccelenti pittori (Florence, 1550); also ed. .Mila-n-esi (Florence, 1878-85).
George Charles Wiluamson.
Kalinka, Valeri.^n, Polish historian, b. near Cra- cow in 1S26; d. at Jaroslaw in 1SS6. He fled from Poland in 1.S46 on account of poUtical entanglements, worked on the "Czas" newspaper in 1S4S, but finally took refuge in Paris, where his first work was written — " Galicia und Cracoio", an historical and social pic- ture of the country from 1772 to 1S50. He after- wards thought of writing a history of the Polish emi- gration, but eventually chose to edit a weekly pe- riodical entitled " Pohtical Polish News ", the principal contributors to which were himself and Klaczko. Though forbidden ever\-where but in Posen, it existed for four years, and dealt with every aspect of Polish national life. Kahnka's articles show a very prac- tical acquaintance with law, administration, history, and statistics, and had mostly to do with the inner life of Poland. After 1S63, when searching for docu- ments for a life of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he stum- bled on important papers which he published in two volumes as "The Last Years of Stanislaus .Augustus" (1787-95). This work placed him at once in the first rank of Polish wTiters. Poland had not yet had such an historian, especially in the province of diplomacy and foreign politics. While marking out a new line, it carefully pointed out the errors of the past, and showed how they might have been avoided. Szuj.ski, though unkno'mi to Kalinka, was at the same time working in the same direction. Both were accused of undennining patriotic self-respect, of lowering Poland in foreign eyes, and of destroying veneration for the past. In the preface to this work, Kalinka had al- ready answered these charges. A Pole is not less a Pole when he learns from past errors how to serve his country better. About this time Kalinka entered the novitiate of the Resurrection Fathers in Rome, where, save for a few visits to Galicia, he subsequenth- re- sided until in 1S77, after a visit to the Catholic mis- sions in Bulgaria, he became chaplain of a convent in Jaroslaw. Here in ISSO appeared the first volume of his " Sejmczteroletni " (The Four Years Diet). Polish literature has no better book, and none whose perusal is more painful. It exhibits all the weaknesses in the leading men of Poland, and all their political blunders. To the many fierce reproaches it called forth Kalinka rephed: "History calls first for truth; nor can truth harm patriotism." A grave style, artistic grouping, faithful narrative of facts, profound political insight, and splendid literary talent make this book the greatest historical lesson in the Polish language. The second volume, even surpassing the first, ap- peared in 1SS6, and with it came to an end the thirty years' labour of Kalinka. He was not only a profound and far-seeing politician and one of Po- land's best historians, but also one of her most zeal- ous priests.
S. Tarnowskl
