MANOAH
589
MAMOAH
the coast; and the number of Christians was aij£-
mented by immigrations from Salcete near Goa. In
the seventeenth century, on account of the decline of
the Portuguese supremacy in India, Canara seems to
h^ve become destitute of resident clergy. In conse-
quence the Holy See placed the country' under the al-
ready existing Carmelite vicar Apostolic of Malabar —
an arrangement which soon gave rise to rivalry and
disputes with the Goa authorities. Between 1685 and
1712 some Oratorians were working in the districts, of
whom the chief was the Ven. Joseph Vas. In 1764
Canara fell under the dominion of Hyder Ali of My-
sore, whose attitude towards the Christians was fav-
ourable. But his successor Tipu Sultan (1782-1709)
showed himself so fanatical and violent that the
Christians were for the most part seized and reduced to
captivitv. A few were suffered to remain immolested
round about Mangalore, while others escaped to Coorg
and certain parts of the Camatic. Meanwhile the
country still remained under the Carmelite Vicar
Apostolic of Verapoly (Malabar) whose domain com-
prised not only South but also North Canara (Sunkery
or Carwar mission) while Coorg fell to the lot of the
vicar Apostolic of the Great Mogul at Bombay. In
1838, in consequence of the brief " Multa Praeclare ",
and its definitive restriction of the Padroado jurisdic-
tion, great rivalry and discord was renewed between
the Propaganda and Padroado parties. In 1840 the
people of Canara hoped to put an end to these dissen-
sions by petitioning for a separate vicariate; but the
movement was opposed by the Carmelite vicar Apos-
tolic. In 1845 the Vicariate of Verapoly was divided
into three parts (Quilon, Verapoly and Mangalore)
and the pro-vicar Apostolic appointed for Mangalore
was a Carmelite, Father Bernardine of St. Agnes. In
1853 South Canara was made into a separate vicariate
but remained under Italian Carmelite rule until 1858.
when it was transferred to the French Carmelites, and
finally in 1878 to the Jesuits. On the formation of the
hierarchy in 1886 Mangalore became a bishopric, which
in 1893, together with Trichinopoly, was made suffra^
gan to Bombay.
Succession of Prelates. — Previous to 1845, sec Ve- rapoly, Archdiocese of.
Pro-Vicar Apostolic. — Bernardine of St.* Agnes, O. C. Disc, 1845-52.
Vicars Apostolic. — Michael Anthony of St. Aloy- sius, O. C. Disc, 1853-71.
Mary Ephrem Garrelon, O. C. Disc, 1868-73. ^
Nicholas Pagani, S. J., 1885-95 (became first bishop in 1886).
Abundius Cavadini, S. J., 1895-1910 (see vacant).
InstiUdiona. — St. Aloysius's College, Mangalore, 8Lfl5liated to Madras University, the only First Grade College on the Malabar Coast, with 1000 pupils. Classes from elementary to B. A. taught by Jesuit Fathers and lay-teachers: boarding house with 80 boarders, and hostels for Hindu students. About 350 non-Christian pupils of various castes and creeds are among the pupils. St. Joseph's Seminary, Jeppoo, with 43 clerical students under Jesuit professors; Sa- cred Heart House of students of the Carmelite Congre- gation; St. Anne's High School under Tertiaiy Car- melite Sisters, for Eurasian and Indian girls, with 449 pupils, prepares for matriculation and teacher's certif- icate examination; Victoria Caste Girls' School with 159 pupils, and St. Mary's School, Milagres, with 175 pupils, both conducted by the same Sisters; St. An- thony's Boys' and Girls Schools with 200 pupils; schools at Cannanore with 686 pupils, at TeUicherry with 132 pupils, at Calicut with 139 pupils; European Boys School at Calicut with 164 pupils, besides 70 other schools scattered over the district. Boarding bouses attached to four schools; Catechumenates at Mangalore, Cannanore and Calicut; St. Joseph's Asy- lum work-shops at Jeppoo, Manfinlore; three orphan- ages at Mangalore, and two at Cannanore andTCali'
cut. Fr. Mailer's establishments at Kankanady oom-
prise: (1) Homoeopathic Poor Dispensary, where the
medicines dispensed to about 100 out-patients a day
are the Solen-Bellotti specifics, of which Fr. Mdller
possesses the secret; (2) St. Joseph's Leper Asylum; (3)
Our Lady's Home, with male and female wards, each
containing 36 beds: (4) Plague Hospital for cases of
bubonic plague. Fr. Miiller is assisted by a qualified
doctor and a number of infirmarians and nurses.
There is a hospital at Jeppoo under the Sisters of
Charity, and another is situated at Calicut imder
Carmelite Tertiaries. New mission stations have
been opened at Suratkal and Narol, each served by
a Jesuit. Other establishments are St. Vincent 8
Society, Calicut; Catholic Union Club^ Milagres; The
Provident Fund with its office at Codialbail; Codial-
bail Press, at which the "Mangalore Magazine" is
published and the Cloistered Carmelite Convent at
Kankanady with 16 choir-nuns, 5 lay-sisters, and 4
touriires. The finest buildings in the diocese are St.
Aloysius's college and chureh; St. Joseph's seminary,
and the (Gothic) convent of Cloistered Carmelite
nuns.
History of the Diocese of Mangcdore, ed. Moork (1905); Madras CoMolic Directory for 1909; The Mangalore Maoaxine; Status Missionis Mangalorensis (1909).
Ernest R. Hull.
Mangan, James Clarence, Irish poet, b. in Dub- lin, 1 May, 1803; d. there, 20 June, 1849. He was the son of James Mangan, a grocer, and of Catherine Smith. He attended a school in Saul's Court, but when still young he had to work for the support of his family. For seven years he was a scnvener's clerk and for three years earned measre wages in an attorney's office. Mitchel accepts the story, re- lated by Mangan himself, but which O'Donaghue is inclined to make light of, that he passed through an unhappy love affair, which infused the bitter and mocking note into his subsequent verses, and even drove him to that intemperance which clouded the remainder of his days. In 1831, as a member of the Comet Club, he contributed verses to the club's jour- nal, to which he sent his first German translations. His connexion with "The Dublin University Maga- zine" was terminated because his habits rendered him incapable of regular application. When Charles Ga- van Duffy inauguratea "The Nation", in 1842, Man- ean was for a time paid a fixed salary, but, as on former occasions, these relations were broken off, though he continued to send verses to "The Nation", even after he had cast in his lot with Mitchel, who in 1848 began to issue "The United Irishman". Forthese journals, as well as for "The Irish Tribune", "The Irishman", and "Duffy's Irish Catholic Magaaine", Mangan wrote under various fantastic sijg;natures.
In his clerical positions his eccentricities of manner and appearance nad made him the object of persecu- tion on the part of those employed with him, and his f rowing habits of intemperance gradually estranged im from human society. There are many descrip- tions of his personal appearance at this time, all of them dwelling on his spare fifi;ure, his tight blue cloak, his witch's hat, his inevitable umbrella. Still, there were distinguished men who recognized his ability and pitied lus weaknesses, among tnem Anster, Petrie, Todd, O'Curry, O'Daly, and the various editors who printed his contributions. O'Donoghue thinks he has traced all of ^^jogan's poems and ascribes to him be- tween 800 and 90ir. In these there is necessarily j^reat inequality, but, at his best, it is difficult to gainsay Mitchel's enthusiastio estimate of him. His verses ranjge from the passionate lament of the patriot to the whimsical satire and the apocryphal translation. He knew little or nothing of the languages from which his translations affect^ to be made. He was depend- ent for his renderings of Irish themes on the ntersl prose tmoslations made by O'Curry and Q'XV^ «
