AftertenyeaiBofenereetic work Salainr went to Spain to plead toe cause of the Filipinoe before the Kine. He was nominated Archbishop of Maiiila, with sunragan aeee at Cebu, Nueva Caceres, and Nueva Segovia (Vigan). To these were added the Diocese of Jaro, in 1S65, and four other dioceses, in 1902, Salaxar died at Madrid, 4 Dec., 1594, before receiving the Bulls of his appointment from the pope. The firet archbiahop to reach Manila waa the Franciscan, Ig- nacio de Santibai^ez. He took possession of his see in 1798, but died Uiree months later. F"ive years passed before a eucceasor was appointed, in the pcrsoti of Miguel de Benavides, a Dominican and first fliahop ot Nueva Segovia in Northern Luzon. The new arch- bishop had come to the Philippines in 1587. He had laboured among the Chmese of Manila and built the hospital of San Gabriel for them. He was the founder ot the celebrated Univeraity of Santo Tomis at Manila, which exists to this day. During the archiepisco- pacy of his successor, Diego Vasquez de Mercado, there arrived in Manila a large band of confessors exiled from Japan. Col m ' 8 ■ 'Labor E vaa- gelica", pp. 434-662. Among the other archbisnops who filled the See of Manila were: Miguel Garcia Serrano, an Augustinian, noted for his great sanc- tity of life; Hernando Guerrero, a Fran- ciscan, who had la- boured for more than thirty years among theTaga los an d Pam-
^ngans; Fernando on tero de Kspi- nosa; Miguel Pol>- letc. who rebuilt the cathedral and him- self went about the city soliciting alms for that purpoee; Felipe Pardo, a Domii citybythe Audiencia,butw delaCueBta,aHien
number of prom inen , . . _ . ,
prisoned by the tyrannical governor Bustamente, ui Fort Santiago, whence he was afterwards taken and forced by the populace to accept the governorship of the i^ands ad interim, in place of Bustamente. Man- uel Rojo, who took possession of the see 22 July, 1759, had been also appointed governor-general of the islands. During his rule the English, under Draper, besieged and captured Manila and then pillaged the city so wantonly that Draper himself was obliged to interfere. In order to raise the money demanded by the English, the archbishop was obliged to surrender all his chureh property, even to his own pastoral ring. Archbishop Pedro Payo, a Dominican, built the pres- ent cathedral at a cost of about 1500,000. Bernar- dino Noialeda, also a Dominican, was the last areh- bishop under the Spanish domination, resigning his sec in I90I. The archdiocese was then admmistercd by the Rt. Rev. Martin Garcia y Alcocer, Bishop of Cebu, until the appointment of the first American areh- bishop, the Most Rev. Jeremiah J. Harty. Arch- bishop Harty was bom at St. Louis, Missouri, 1 Nov., 1853, made his early studies under the Christian Brolh- ersand in the Jesuit University of St. Louis, entered the seminary at Cape Girardeau in 1873, and was or- dained priest 28 April. 1878. He had held various cures of souls in the Archdiocese of St. Louis, and had founded the Parish of St. Leo in that city, when Pius X appointed him to the See of Manila by a Brief
i tumhk
dated 8 August, 1903. He was consecrated at Rome, 15 August, of the same year, pieconiied on 9 Not., and took possession of the see on 16 Jan., 1004. An Apostolic delegation to the Philippine Islands was cn- Bugurated in 19^ with the Most Rev. John Baptist Guidi, who died at Manila, 26 June, 1904, and wae replaced two months lat«r by the Most Rev. Ambrose Agius, a Benedictine. Monsignor Agius convoked the first Provincial Council of the Philippine lalanda, which was solemnly opened in the cathedral of Hanils on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, 1907.
II. Reuqioub Ordebb, — Sawyer, a Protestant writer, speaking of the relipous orders in the Philip- pines, says: "The friars have fared badly at the hands of several nriteis on the Philippines; but it will be noticed that those who know tJie least about them sp^k the worst of them" ("The Inhabitants of tl»e Phihppines", p, 65). "The religious ordetB . . .were hardy and adventurouspioneetsof Christianity and in the evangelization of the Philippines, by persuasion and teaching, they did more for Chnstianity and civili- Kationtlian any other missionaries of mod- em times. Of un- daunted courage, they have ever b^n to the front when calamities threat- ened theirflocks. . . .
plague and chtJeis they have not been dismayed, nor have they ever in such cases abandoned their flocks. . . . They have done much for education, having founded schools for both sexes, training eol- leges for teachers, the Univeraity ot St. Thomas in M a n H a and other institu- tions. Hospitals and asylums attest their charity. They were formerly, and even lately, the protectors of the poor against the rich, and of the native against the Spaniard. Tbey have consistently resisted the enslavement of the natives. They restrained the ccai- stant inclination of the natives to wander away into the woods and return to primitive savagery by"Keei>- ing them in the towns, or, as they said, 'under the bells'" (ibid,, p. 75).
The firat missionaries in the Archdiocese of Manila were Augustinians, They arrived in Cebu, with Legaspi, in 1565, and six years later opened a house at Manila which became the central house of their order in the Philippines. TJiey founded the panahes of Tondo (Manila), Tambobong. and Pasig. In the Province of Bulacan they established the parishes ot Dapilap, Guiguinto, Bigaa, Angat, Baliuag, Quingua, Malolos, Paombong, Calumpit, and Hagonoy. In the Province o! Pampanga they founded parishes at Bacolor, Macabebe, Porac, Mexico, Arayat, and Apalit. They had their clmrches also at Tarlac, San Miguel de Mayumo, and Candaba. In the Province ot Balangas they touniled the towns (now numbering from 20,000 to 40,000 inhabitants) of Taa], Balayan,
laboured, reduced the languages to a system, and pub-
lished grammars, dictionaries, and books of devotion
for the natives. In all their parishes (and this may be
said equally ot the other religious ordera^ they erected
magnificent stone churches which remain to this day
as a lasting memorial to their leal. Their monastery
