MASTUA 61
peror Sigismund. His son Ludovico III, "il Turoo", who reigned from 1444 to 1478, divided the marques- aat« between his two sons, leaving Mantua to Feder- i^I (1478-84), and creating the marquesBate of Sab- bioneto, which became a duchy, and the Principality of Bortolo for Gianfrancesco, whose line became ex- tinct in 1591. The third sou Rodolfo was made Prince of CaBtiglione. Under Ludovico III, in 1459, was held the famous "congress of princes", to con- eider a common action against the Turks, proposed by Piua II. Francesco Goneaga (1484-1519) was a captain of the league against Charles VIII (1495), and commanded at the battle of Fomovo, Federigo 11 (1619-1540) was made Duke of Mantua by Charles V, and received the Marquessate of Caaaie Monferrato. He was succeeded by his two aons Francesco III
count of this transaction, and because Carlo had ^vtat
assistance to France in the War of the Spanish Sue-
oesBJon, Joseph I in 1708 took the Duchy of Mantua
and annexed it, together with Milan, to the Austrian
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SrATUB or St. Lonoihu.
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Tt>e (oldier who p
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(1540-50), and Guglielmo (1550-87); the second shel-
tered Torquato Toeso. Vincenzo I (1587-1612), in
bis turn also left the duchy <tivided between two sons,
Francesco III (1612) and Ferdinando (1612-1626),
the latter of whom resigned the cardinalate, and was
succeeded by his brother VincenEO II (1626-27), who
also was a cardinal, and by whose death the direct line
of the Gonzaga of Mantua became extinct; Jta rights
were inherited by Carlo Goniaga (1827-1637). who
was a son of Luigi the brother of Francesco III, and
who, having married the heiress of the Duchy of Ne-
ver3, v/na acceptable to the Frencli; hut Carlo Ema-
nucle of Savoy was a pretendant to the Marquessate
ot Casalc, while Cessre Goniaga, Duke of Guastalla,
mshed to possess the entire du'ehy; and this situation
gave riso to the war of the succession of Monfcrmto. in
which Savoy received the support of Spain and of
Austria, and Carlo Gonznga that of Frauee. The
Austrians sacked Mantua in 1G29, but the treaty of
Cheraaco (1630) putanend to the war,and secured" the
possession of Mantua, and of Casale to Carlo of Ne-
vers. The latter was succeeded by his nephew Carlo
HI (1637-65), who wns a son of Carlo II. deceased in
1631; Carlo III sold the Duchy of Ncvers to Cardinal
Ma*arin. Carlo IV (1665-1708) was a libertine; he
united the Lordship of Guastalla t« Mantua, but sold
the marquessate of Casale to France (1681); on ao-
after a siege of eight months, but it was ret&ken by
Kray for Austria m 1799; at the Peace cif Lun^ville,
however, it was annexed to the Itahan Republic
(1801). Fram 1814 to 1366, it belonged to Austria,
and was besie^;© in 1848 by the Piedmontese.
The cathedral of Mantua is the ancient church of SS. Peter and Paul transformed, and was be|^ by Pietro Romano in 1544 by order of Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga, it remained unfinished, but its stucco work by Primaticcio is famous, as are also a statue of Hoses and one of Aaron by Bemero and several beautiful pictures, among them a Madonna by Mantegos, whose art is abundantly ce presented in the other churches and in the palaces of the city. The chapel of the In- coronata is by Leon Battista Alberti; its belfry is Romanesque. The church of Sant' Andrea is by the same architect; it has a single nave over 300 feet iL length, while its cupola, by Juvara, is about 250 feet high. The tomb of Mantegna is in this church. Outside the city is the sanctuary of the Madonna delle Grazie, founded by Francesco Goniafa in 1390. Other fine churches are that of Ognissanti, that of San Bamaba, which contains the tomb of Giulio Romano, the church of Son Maurizio, where there are punt- ings by Ludovico and Annibale Caracci; lastly, the church of San Sebastian.
The secular building arethe PalaszodellaRaKionei which houses the communal government (1198 and 1250) ; the Ducal Palace, begun in 1302 by the Bonac- colsi, and enlarged at different times by the Gonnga (ducal apartments, the tapestries of Paradise, of Troy; painting by Mantegna, Giulio Romano, and othera); the Castello, built for the defence of the Ducal Palace, containing archives that date from 1014; the Accade> mia delle Scienze cd Arti, founded by Maria ThNesa; the Palazzo degli Stuili, formerly a Jesuit college; the "T" palace, a trilleggialura of the dukes, the work <rf Giulio Romano; the episcopal palace, and several private ones; the ancient synagogue in the ghett«, etc.
Among the famous men of Mantua are: the poets Virgil, SordcUo (thirteenth century), G. Pietro Ar- rivabene, author of the "Gonz^s", Vittorio Vet- tori (d. 1763), and Folengo, the first of the eo-called macaronicwritcrsjthe jtuist Piacentino (twelfth cen- tury), Baldnssare Caatiglione (il Cortigiano) ; the phi- losopher Pomponazzi, the Jesuits Antonio Poesevino and Ognibetie, the physician Matteo Selvatico (thir- teenth century), etc. Amonp women of letters are Ca- milla Valenti. Ippolita, Giulia, and Lucrezia Gonsa^
The Gospel is said to have been brought to Mantua by St. Longinus, the soldier who pierced the aide of Our Lord; tradition also says that he brou^t with him the relic of the Precious Blood, preserved in a beautiful reliiiuary in the crypt of the church of Sant' Andrea. Originally Mantua formed part of the Dio- cese of Milan; later it belonged to tnat of Ravftnna (about 585), and in 729 it was attached to the Diooese of Aquileia. In 804 Leo III made Mantua & diocese^ of which a certain Gregory was the first Imown bishop. The relic of the Precious Blood, which had been lost, was found in 1048, and was recognized asauthentic by Leo IX in 1053. The Bishops Garsendomo (1165) and Enrico (1193-1225) bad the title of imperial vicar in Italy; Guidotto da Corregio (1231) was aasas- sinated by the Avvocati faction in 1235; other bishops of this diocese were Cardinal Martino de PuioWiO (1252); the Blessed Jacopode' Benfatti.O.P, (1304); Guido d'Arezzo {1306), who died of the plague, which
